Notes

Ultrastructure associated with spherites from the midgut diverticula and also Malpighian tubules from the harvestman Amilenus aurantiacus in the wintertime diapause.
Finally, the last candidate allele (Doa-3) also affected lifespan, but in the opposite direction from predicted.Biological systems have a variety of time-keeping mechanisms ranging from molecular clocks within cells to a complex interconnected unit across an entire organism. The suprachiasmatic nucleus, comprising interconnected oscillatory neurons, serves as a master-clock in mammals. The ubiquity of such systems indicates an evolutionary benefit that outweighs the cost of establishing and maintaining them, but little is known about the process of evolutionary development. To begin to address this shortfall, we introduce and analyse a new evolutionary game theoretic framework modelling the behaviour and evolution of systems of coupled oscillators. Each oscillator is characterized by a pair of dynamic behavioural dimensions, a phase and a communication strategy, along which evolution occurs. We measure success of mutations by comparing the benefit of synchronization balanced against the cost of connections between the oscillators. Despite the simple set-up, this model exhibits non-trivial behaviours mimicking several different classical games-the Prisoner's Dilemma, snowdrift games, coordination games-as the landscape of the oscillators changes over time. Across many situations, we find a surprisingly simple characterization of synchronization through connectivity and communication if the benefit of synchronization is greater than twice the cost, the system will evolve towards complete communication and phase synchronization.Hybridization between native and invasive species, a major cause of biodiversity loss, can spread rapidly even when hybrids have reduced fitness. This paradox suggests that hybrids have greater dispersal rates than non-hybridized individuals, yet this mechanism has not been empirically tested in animal populations. Here, we test if non-native genetic introgression increases reproductive dispersal using a human-mediated hybrid zone between native cutthroat trout (<i>Oncorhynchus clarkii</i>) and invasive rainbow trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>) in a large and connected river system. We quantified the propensity for individuals to migrate from natal rearing habitats (migrate), reproduce in non-natal habitats (stray), and the joint probability of dispersal as a function of genetic ancestry. Hybrid trout with predominantly non-native rainbow trout ancestry were more likely to migrate as juveniles and to stray as adults. Overall, hybrids with greater than 50% rainbow trout ancestry were 5.7 times more likely to disperse than native or hybrid trout with small amounts of rainbow trout ancestry. Our results show a genetic basis for increased dispersal in hybrids that is likely contributing to the rapid expansion of invasive hybridization between these species. Management actions that decrease the probability of hybrid dispersal may mitigate the harmful effects of invasive hybridization on native biodiversity.Direct measures of sexual selection in plants are rare and complicated by immobility and modular growth. For plants, instantaneous measures of fitness typically scale with size, but covariances between size and mating success could obscure the detection of sexual selection. We measured the magnitude of sexual selection in a monoecious and a dioecious population of the clonal plant Sagittaria latifolia using Bateman gradients (ßss). These gradients were calculated using parentage analysis and residual regression to account for the effects of shoot and clone size on mating and reproductive success. In both populations, (i) there was greater promiscuity via male function than via female function and (ii) ßss were positive, with significant associations between mating and reproductive success for male but not female function. Moreover, estimated βss were similar for the monoecious and dioecious populations, possibly because non-overlapping female and male sex phases in hermaphroditic S. latifolia reduced the scope for interference between sex functions during mating. This study builds on previous studies of selection on plant mating traits, and of sexual selection under experimental conditions, by showing that sexual selection can operate in natural populations of plants, including populations of hermaphrodites.
Little is known about the effect of serum amylase enzymatic activity on glucose metabolism. We investigated the association of serum amylase enzymatic activity with fasting plasma glucose, insulin resistance (IR), and the plasma glucose and insulin response to an oral starch test (OST) in Mexican children.

Anthropometric data, glucose and insulin levels, and the serum enzymatic activity of total (AMYt), salivary (AMY1), and pancreatic (AMY2) amylase were analysed in 764 children (N
=427/N
=337). After categorization into low (LA) and high (HA) AMYt, an OST with commercial white bread was performed in 39 children (N
=17/N
=22).

A positive association between serum enzymatic activity of AMY2 and IR was observed in children with obesity (p=0.018). Children with normal weight had lower plasma glucose and insulin response to OST than children with obesity (P
=4.1 × 10
; P
=2.1 × 10
). Compared with the LA group, children with HA showed lower plasma glucose and insulin response to OST (P
 ≤ 0.040; P
 ≤ 0.015).

Our results suggest that AMY2 is positively associated with IR. A high level of AMYt is related to lower glucose and insulin responses to OST in Mexican children, regardless of their weight status.
Our results suggest that AMY2 is positively associated with IR. A high level of AMYt is related to lower glucose and insulin responses to OST in Mexican children, regardless of their weight status.
Neighbourhood socio-economic environment (SEE) is associated with obesity in older children and adults, but little is known about this relationship in younger children. Breastfeeding is an important preventative of adiposity in childhood, but its relationship with neighbourhood SEE is unknown.

We assessed differences in adiposity and obesity in children before age two by neighbourhood SEE, controlling for family socio-demographics and breastfeeding duration.

Family socio-demographics, child body mass index z scores (BMIz), and breastfeeding duration were collected at periodic study visits from participants in PREVAIL (n= 245), a birth cohort in Cincinnati, OH. Addresses were assigned a Deprivation Index score, a validated measure of SEE, and dichotomized into highest SEE (least deprived quartile of scores) and not highest SEE (remaining quartiles). Longitudinal and Poisson models assessed differences in BMIz by SEE over the second year of life and obesity risk at age two, respectively (highest SEE, reference), while attenuation of obesity risk by breastfeeding duration was tested in mediation models.

Residing outside of the highest SEE neighbourhoods was associated with an increased BMIz of 0.04 (95%CI 0.02, 0.06) per month of life and increased obesity risk at age two (aRR 3.7, 95%CI 1.2, 16.2), controlling for family socio-demographics. Breastfeeding duration attenuated >9% of the obesity risk attributable to SEE (mediated RR 3.4, 95%CI 1.1, 14.8).

In the PREVAIL Cohort, residing outside of the highest SEE neighbourhoods predicted a significant increase in BMIz and obesity risk in children before age two, a relationship that was partially mediated by breastfeeding duration.

Breastfeeding support may play an important role in reducing obesity rates in children in lower SEE neighbourhoods.
Breastfeeding support may play an important role in reducing obesity rates in children in lower SEE neighbourhoods.
Early-life exposure to tobacco is associated with obesity, but the most susceptible developmental periods are unknown.

To explore windows of susceptibility in a cohort of 568 mother-child pairs.

We measured seven measures of tobacco exposure (five self-reported and two biomarkers) spanning from pre-conception to age 5 years. Mothers self-reported active smoking (pre-conception, 17 weeks, and delivery) and household smokers (5 and 18 months postnatally). Cotinine was measured in maternal urine (27 weeks) and child urine (5 years). Adiposity (fat mass percentage) was measured at birth and 5 years via air displacement plethysmography. Using a multiple informant approach, we tested whether adiposity (5 years) and changes in adiposity (from birth to 5 years) differed by the seven measures of tobacco exposure.

The associations may depend on timing. For example, only pre-conception (β=3.1%; 95% CI 1.0-5.1) and late gestation (β=4.0%; 95% CI 0.4-7.6) exposures influenced adiposity accretion from birth to 5 years (p for interaction=0.01). Early infancy exposure was also associated with 1.7% higher adiposity at 5 years (95% CI 0.1-3.2). Mid-pregnancy and early childhood exposures did not influence adiposity.

Pre-conception, late gestation, and early infancy exposures to tobacco may have the greatest impact on childhood adiposity.
Pre-conception, late gestation, and early infancy exposures to tobacco may have the greatest impact on childhood adiposity.
Little is known about parent and adolescent motivations for engaging in weight communication.

To assess parent and adolescent motivations for engaging in, or avoiding, weight communication, and whether these reasons differed across sex, race/ethnicity, weight, and engagement in weight management.

Independent samples of parents (N=1936) and unrelated adolescents (N=2032) completed questionnaires assessing their agreement with different reasons they engage in, or avoid, parent-adolescent weight communication, using 7-point Likert scales (strongly-disagree to strongly-agree).

Parents, irrespective of sex, race/ethnicity, and child's weight status, expressed stronger motivations for engaging in weight communication in order for their child to feel good about his/her weight and body size compared to being motivated because a health professional raised their child's weight as a concern. this website Adolescent motivations for weight communication with parents stemmed from health concerns and worry about their weight; avoidance stemmed from feeling embarrassed, upset, or not wanting to obsess about weight. Differences emerged across sex and race/ethnicity but were most pronounced by weight status and weight management.

Parents and adolescents have different motivations for engaging in or avoiding weight communication. Protecting adolescents' emotional wellbeing and body esteem are viewed as reasons for both engaging in or avoiding weight communication.
Parents and adolescents have different motivations for engaging in or avoiding weight communication. Protecting adolescents' emotional wellbeing and body esteem are viewed as reasons for both engaging in or avoiding weight communication.With countless modern technologies utilizing wireless communication, materials that can selectively allow transmission of visible light and prevent transmission of low frequency GHz electromagnetic interference (EMI) are needed. Recently, 2D materials such as graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides, and MXenes have shown promise for such applications. Despite the rapid advances, little progress has been made in identifying 2D monolayers with intrinsically higher visible transmittance (Tvis) and shielding effectiveness (SE). With endless variations in structure and composition, the 2D materials space is too large for systematic experimental investigation. To tackle this challenge, we perform a high-throughput computational screening. Using an atomistic first-principles method, we simultaneously calculate Tvis and SE of 7000 2D monolayer materials. We identify 26 monolayer materials with excellent properties of >98% Tvis and >5 dB SE (∼70% EMI attenuation). The top candidate, an AgSe2 monolayer with predicted 98.
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