Notes

SARS-CoV-2 disease during pregnancy as well as pregnancy-related conditions: Issues, challenges, administration and minimization strategies-a narrative assessment.
Results from Studies 2 and 3 consistently showed that, contrary to the stereotype, Chinese only children reported lower levels of loneliness than their counterparts with siblings. Additionally, open-ended responses from the adolescent participants in Study 3 provided hints about the situations that provoke their loneliness. The results are explained in terms of the two theoretical approaches to loneliness. In sum, our research suggests that belief in the loneliness of only children is widespread in Chinese society, but the evidence indicates that reports of loneliness are greater for those who grew up with siblings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).Adolescent suicide is a serious public health problem in Chile. Given the high prevalence of suicidal behaviors and suicide, youth suicide researchers must approach participants, families, and communities with care. Special attention must be given to suicide-related trauma among survivors of suicidal behaviors and of suicide. In this article, we discuss how investigators can infuse the trauma-informed model in their work. Our discussion is organized around research stages and tasks study design, recruitment, data collection and analysis, and care for the research team. We illustrate the integration of the trauma-informed (TI) model key elements and principles with examples from our work in youth suicide research. We posit that infusing the TI model in research aligns with the ethical mandate of beneficence. Our goal is to help other researchers reflect on how to design and implement TI informed research that is attuned to participants, staff, and communities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).Research based on the process model of emotion regulation has largely focused on affective outcomes of four prominent emotion regulation strategies distraction, rumination, reappraisal, and suppression. We identified two areas that are relatively understudied regarding the prediction of affect in daily life (a) comparing the importance of these four strategies to the subjective experience of event intensity and (b) including additional emotion regulation strategies that focus more on positive than negative affect. In two ecological momentary assessment data sets (Nindividuals = 299), we found that event intensity explained an average of 14.8% (4.9% to 25.9%) of the total variance in momentary affect above the variance explained by emotion regulation strategies. In turn, emotion regulation strategies explained an average of 8.3% (2.4% to 19.6%) in additional total variance in momentary affect. The added predictive power of emotion regulation strategies above event intensity was improved when strategies more specific to positive affect (ΔR² = 5.1%) were included. These results highlight avenues for future research that include strategies that focus on the selection and modification of an emotionally relevant situation and on positive affect. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).We conducted an intensive longitudinal study of sexual minority adolescents to address gaps in the literature, limitations in retrospective reporting, and test tenets of the minority stress model. We examined the frequency of daily minority stressors and their within-person associations with negative and positive affect. We also tested the moderating effects of depressive symptomology on these associations. Sexual minority adolescents (N = 94; 35.1% were bisexual; 31.9% were gender minority; 45.2% were racial/ethnic minority), ages 12-18 years old (M = 16.1, SD = 1.5), were recruited from the community and completed a baseline questionnaire and then a 21-day daily dairy (82.5% response rate). TGF-beta inhibitor Participants experienced at least one minority stressor, with an average of 16.96 minority stressors (SD = 18.7, Range 0-83), over the 21-day monitoring period. Some minority stressors were more commonly experienced than others (e.g., vicarious minority stress) and most participants attributed their sexual orientation to these stressors. Participants also attributed other marginalized identities to these stressors (e.g., gender identity, race). Daily minority stressors were associated with greater negative affect but not positive affect. Participants had greater negative affect on days where sexual-orientation-specific minority stressors were endorsed compared to days where minority stressors were not reported. These associations were not moderated by depression symptomology. The results underscore that minority stressors are pervasive experiences of sexual minority adolescents' daily life and natural environment and they are associated with daily emotions. The findings have implications for the minority stress model and future research and interventions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).Autoregressive and vector autoregressive models are a driving force in current psychological research. In affect research they are, for instance, frequently used to formalize affective processes and estimate affective dynamics. Discrete-time model variants are most commonly used, but continuous-time formulations are gaining popularity, because they can handle data from longitudinal studies in which the sampling rate varies within the study period, and yield results that can be compared across data sets from studies with different sampling rates. However, whether and how the sampling rate affects the quality with which such continuous-time models can be estimated, has largely been ignored in the literature. In the present article, we show how the sampling rate affects the estimation reliability (i.e., the standard errors of the parameter estimators, with smaller values indicating higher reliability) of continuous-time autoregressive and vector autoregressive models. Moreover, we determine which sampling rates are optimal in the sense that they lead to standard errors of minimal size (subject to the assumption that the models are correct). Our results are based on the theories of optimal design and maximum likelihood estimation. We illustrate them making use of data from the COGITO Study. We formulate recommendations for study planning, and elaborate on strengths and limitations of our approach. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).n real data analysis with structural equation modeling, data are unlikely to be exactly normally distributed. If we ignore the non-normality reality, the parameter estimates, standard error estimates, and model fit statistics from normal theory based methods such as maximum likelihood (ML) and normal theory based generalized least squares estimation (GLS) are unreliable. On the other hand, the asymptotically distribution free (ADF) estimator does not rely on any distribution assumption but cannot demonstrate its efficiency advantage with small and modest sample sizes. The methods which adopt misspecified loss functions including ridge GLS (RGLS) can provide better estimates and inferences than the normal theory based methods and the ADF estimator in some cases. We propose a distributionally weighted least squares (DLS) estimator, and expect that it can perform better than the existing generalized least squares, because it combines normal theory based and ADF based generalized least squares estimation. Computer simulation results suggest that model-implied covariance based DLS (DLSM) provided relatively accurate and efficient estimates in terms of RMSE. In addition, the empirical standard errors, the relative biases of standard error estimates, and the Type I error rates of the Jiang-Yuan rank adjusted model fit test statistic (TJY) in DLSM were competitive with the classical methods including ML, GLS, and RGLS. The performance of DLSM depends on its tuning parameter a. We illustrate how to implement DLSM and select the optimal a by a bootstrap procedure in a real data example. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms are prominent among firefighters and related to suicidal ideation and behavior, a major public health concern among first responders. The role of sleep disturbance in the associations between PTSD symptoms and suicide risk is not well understood.
The present study examined the moderating effect of global sleep disturbance and three disturbance facets (i.e., sleep efficiency, perceived sleep quality, and daily disturbances), on the association between PTSD symptom severity and suicide risk among firefighters.

The sample was comprised of 802 trauma-exposed firefighters (93.5% male;

= 38.68;
= 8.53), recruited from a large urban fire department in the southern U.S., who completed an online survey.

Results indicated significant main and interactive effects of PTSD symptom severity and global sleep disturbance (and each disturbance facet) with regard to global suicide risk. Covariates included gender, years in the fire service, trauma load, and occupational stress. Models accounted for 24.1%-28.4% of variance in suicide risk.

This study is the first to concurrently examine these variables among firefighters, and this line of inquiry has the potential to inform evidence-based policy as well as prevention and treatment programs for this vulnerable, understudied population. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
This study is the first to concurrently examine these variables among firefighters, and this line of inquiry has the potential to inform evidence-based policy as well as prevention and treatment programs for this vulnerable, understudied population. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Early life adversity is associated with somatic symptoms (SS) in adulthood, but the psychological mechanisms involved need to be further investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate whether disturbances in self-organization (DSO), consisting of affective dysregulation, negative self-concept, and disturbances in relationships, mediate the relationship between exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and SS in adulthood. In addition, we investigated whether resilient coping buffers the direct and indirect effect of ACEs on SS.

The study sample comprised 4,847 Slovenian adults aged 18 to 75 years and was broadly representative of the general population.

Results of the mediation analysis showed that DSO had a notable, significant mediating effect on the relationship between ACEs and SS, with the indirect effect (
×
= .386,
< .001) accounting for 53.3% of the total effect. A moderated mediation analysis revealed a significant interaction between ACEs and resilient coping in predi reserved).
Prior trauma history is a reliable and robust risk predictor for PTSD development. Obtaining an accurate measurement of prior trauma history is critical in research of trauma-related outcomes. The Life Events Checklist (LEC) is a widely used self-report measure of trauma history that categorizes events by the proximity to trauma exposure; however, the field has published multiple scoring methods when assessing the LEC. Herein, we propose a novel scoring procedure in which total scores from the LEC are weighted according to the proximity of trauma exposure with "experienced" events weighted most and "learned about" events weighted least.

The utility of this weighted score was assessed in two traumatically-injured civilian samples and compared against previously published scoring methods, including a nonweighted score including all events experienced, witnessed, and learned about, as well as a score consisting of only experienced events.

Results indicated the standard total score was most reliable, followed by the weighted score.
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