Notes

Wire-in-Tube IrOx Architectures: Choice Label-Free Immunosensor regarding Amperometric Immunoassay toward α-Fetoprotein.
Abnormally high concentrations of metals including nickel (Ni) in soils result from high geochemical background (HB) or anthropogenic contamination (AC). Metal bioaccessibility in AC-soils has been extensively explored, but studies in HB-soils are limited. This study examined the Ni bioaccessibility in basalt and black shale derived HB-soils, with AC-soils and soils without contamination (CT) being used for comparison. Although HB- and AC-soils had similar Ni levels (123 ± 43.0 vs 155 ± 84.7 mg kg-1), their Ni bioaccessibility based on the gastric phase of the Solubility Bioaccessibility Research Consortium (SBRC) in vitro assay was different. Nickel bioaccessibility in HB-soils was 6.42 ± 3.78%, 2-times lower than the CT-soils (12.0 ± 9.71%) and 6-times lower than that in AC-soils (42.6 ± 16.3%). Based on the sequential extraction, a much higher residual Ni fractionation in HB-soils than that in CT- and AC-soils was observed (81.9 ± 9.52% vs 68.6 ± 9.46% and 38.7 ± 16.0%). Further, correlation analysis indicate that the available Ni (exchangeable + carbonate-bound + Fe/Mn hydroxide-bound) was highly correlated with Ni bioaccessibility, which was also related to the organic carbon content in soils. The difference in co-localization between Ni and other elements (Fe, Mn and Ca) from high-resolution NanoSIMS analysis provided additional explanation for Ni bioaccessibility. In short, based on the large difference in Ni bioaccessibility in geochemical background and anthropogenic contaminated soils, it is important to base contamination sources for proper risk assessment of Ni-contaminated soils.Sewage sludges are rich in organic matter and several essential nutrients for plant growth, making them very appealing for application in agricultural soils. However, they may also contain a wide range of emerging pollutants, which has raised concerns about the potential risks of this practice to crops, the environment, and public health - accumulation in soils and/or plant uptake and translocation of contaminants. Therefore, there is a need to study plant-soil interactions and assess the uptake potential of these contaminants by food crops to better understand these risks. The main aim of this work was to assess the possible drawbacks of sludge application to cropland, by observing the impact on the growth and yield of a model crop (pea plant - Pisum sativum) grown over an 86-day greenhouse experiment and by assessing the uptake potential of synthetic musk fragrances. Different sewage sludge application rates (4-30-ton ha-1) and initial concentrations of contaminants were tested. The application of sludge yielded benefits to the cultivated plants, finding improved crop productivity with an application rate of 30-ton ha-1. At the end of the experiment, soil samples and plants separated into sections were analysed using a QuEChERS extraction methodology followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) quantification. Galaxolide (HHCB) and tonalide (AHTN) underwent uptake by the plant roots, having been detected in concentrations up to 346 ng g-1 on a dry weight basis (dw), but only HHCB was detected in above ground tissues. At the end, a decrease in the levels of synthetic musks in the amended soils (>80% in several instances) was observed. Assuming the worst-case scenario, no risk to human health was observed from the ingestion of peas grown on sewage sludge-amended soils. However, a soil hazard quotient analysis yielded worryingly high quotient values for AHTN in nearly all tested conditions.Understanding the differences in the approaches used to assess household air pollution (HAP) is crucial for evaluating HAP-related health effects and interpreting the effectiveness of stove-fuel interventions. Our review aims to understand how exposure to HAP from solid fuels was measured in epidemiological studies in children under five. We conducted a search of PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Global Health Library, Web of Science, and CINAHL to identify English-language research articles published between January 1, 2000 and April 30, 2022. Two researchers applied the inclusion and exclusion criteria independently. Study region, type of measurement, study design, health outcomes, and other key characteristics were extracted from each article and analyzed descriptively. Our search strategy yielded 2229 records, of which 185 articles were included. A large proportion was published between 2018 and 2022 (42.1%), applied a cross-sectional study design (47.6%), and took place in low- or lower middle-income countries. Most studies (130/185, 70.3%) assessed HAP using questionnaires/interviews, most frequently posing questions on cooking fuel type, followed by household ventilation and cooking location. Cooking frequency/duration and children's location while cooking was less commonly considered. About 28.6% (53/185) used monitors, but the application of personal portable samplers was limited (particulate matter [PM] 12/40, 30.0%; carbon monoxide [CO] 13/34, 38.2%). Few studies used biomarkers or modeling approaches to estimate HAP exposure among children under five. More studies that report household and behavioral characteristics and children's location while cooking, apply personal exposure samplers, and perform biomarker analysis are needed to advance our understandings of HAP exposure among infants and young children, who are particularly susceptible to HAP-related health effects.Triclocarban (TCC), a bactericide widely used in personal care products, is frequently detected in soil and surface water, which may affect the environmental behavior of other environmental pollutants by changing the community structure of environmental microorganisms. This work evaluated the effects of TCC on the degradation and migration of seven herbicides and five fungicides in soil under co-occurrence conditions. TCC significantly increased the persistence of the pesticides in soil, and this effect increased with TCC concentration. For example, the half-life of metolachlor, atrazine, metribuzin, and metamitron increased 44%, 38%, 153%, and 33%, respectively, with 10 mg/kg TCC and increased 60%-640% with 100 mg/kg TCC. After 90 days, the residue of the pesticides in soil treated with TCC was significantly elevated relative to the control. TCC treatment could also increase the potential leaching risk of the herbicides in the soil, as indicated by an increased Groundwater Ubiquity Score (GUS) index. The reduced abundance of soil bacteria by TCC might be an essential reason for the impacts on the environmental behavior of the pesticides. This study confirmed that TCC could slow down the degradation of pesticides in soil, increase their persistence and even affect the leaching behavior, thus influencing the risks of the pesticides to the environment.Open waste burning emissions constitute a significant source of air pollution affecting human health in India. In regions where cleaner fuels have displaced solid biofuel usage, open waste burning is rapidly becoming one of the largest sources of airborne human class-I-carcinogens and particulate matter. As the establishment of waste management infrastructure in rural India is likely to take years, we explore whether health-relevant emissions can be reduced by legalizing the burning of dry non-biodegradable waste in improved devices. We measure the emission factors of 76 VOCs, CH4, CO, and CO2 from different types of waste burned in two different improved devices, a burn basket and a local water heater. Based on our experiments, we create four "what-if" intervention scenarios to assess the improvement of air quality due to the emission reductions that can be accomplished by four management strategies. We find that substituting the traditional, more polluting water heating fuels with dry plastic waste across rural India can reduce primary emissions (e.g., -29 Ggy-1 for benzene) and ozone formation potential (-2960 Ggy-1) from open waste burning. When dry waste is used in lieu of more polluting fuels, and its burning serves a purpose, the net class-I-carcinogen benzene emissions, would be halved compared to the present. The change in emissions for the class-I carcinogen 1,3-butadiene would become net negative. This happens because the emissions avoided when part of the solid biofuel currently used in rural India is replaced by plastic waste (4.1 (1.2-4.1) Ggy-1) exceed the waste burning emissions of this compound (3 (1.2-3.7) Ggy-1) by so much, that residential sector emission reductions offset all waste burning emissions including those of landfill fires. Our study demonstrates that India's air quality can be improved by permitting and promoting the use of dry packaging waste in lieu of traditional biofuels and by promoting improved burning devices.Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are recurrent in the NW Patagonia fjords system and their frequency has increased over the last few decades. Outbreaks of HAB species such as Alexandrium catenella, a causal agent of paralytic shellfish poisoning, and Protoceratium reticulatum, a yessotoxins producer, have raised considerable concern due to their adverse socioeconomic consequences. learn more Monitoring programs have mainly focused on their planktonic stages, but since these species produce benthic resting cysts, the factors influencing cyst distributions are increasingly gaining recognition as potentially important to HAB recurrence in some regions. Still, a holistic understanding of the physico-chemical conditions influencing cyst distribution in this region is lacking, especially as it relates to seasonal changes in drivers of cyst distributions, as the characteristics that favor cyst preservation in the sediment may change through the seasons. In this study, we analyzed the physico-chemical properties of the sediment (tem seasonality for the resting cysts dynamics of both species are discussed.From hourly ozone observations obtained from three regions⸻Houston, Dallas, and West Texas⸻we investigated the contributions of meteorology to changes in surface daily maximum 8-h average (MDA8) ozone from 2000 to 2019. We applied a deep convolutional neural network and Shapely additive explanation (SHAP) to examine the complex underlying nonlinearity between variations of surface ozone and meteorological factors. Results of the models showed that between 2000 and 2019, specific humidity (38% and 27%) and temperature (28% and 37%) contributed the most to ozone formation over the Houston and Dallas metropolitan areas, respectively. On the other hand, the results show that solar radiation (50%) strongly impacted ozone variation over West Texas during this time. Using a combination of the Kolmogorov-Zurbenko (KZ) filter and multiple linear regression, we also evaluated the influence of meteorology on ozone and quantified the contributions of meteorological parameters to trends in surface ozone formation. Our findings showed that in Houston and Dallas, meteorology influenced ozone variations to a large extent. The impacts of meteorology on West Texas, however, showed meteorological factors had fewer influences on ozone variabilities from 2000 to 2019. This study showed that SHAP analysis and the KZ approach can investigate the contributions of the meteorological factors on ozone concentrations and help policymakers enact effective ozone mitigation policies.
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