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the energy relaxation rate not shared by other electronic properties, in particular its self-averaging character. We then present a detailed parametric and convergence study with the numerical parameters, including the system size, the number of bands and k points, and the physical approximations for the dielectric function and the exchange-correlation energy.The field-induced decay of the quantum vacuum state associated with the creation of electron-positron pairs can be caused independently by either multiphoton transitions or by tunneling processes. The first mechanism is usually induced by appropriate temporal variations of the external field while the second (Schwinger-like) process occurs if a static but spatially dependent electric field is of supercritical strength. The ultimate goal is to construct an optimal space-time profile of an electromagnetic field that can maximize the creation of particle pairs. The simultaneous optimization of parameters that characterize the spatial and temporal features of both fields suggests that the optimal two-field configuration can be remarkably similar to that predicted from two independent optimizations for the spatial and temporal fields separately.Films made from random nanowire arrays are an attractive choice for electronics requiring flexible transparent conductive films. However, thus far there has been no unified theory for predicting their electrical conductivity. In particular, the effects of orientation distribution on network conductivity remain poorly understood. We present a simplified analytical model for random nanowire network electrical conductivity that accurately captures the effects of arbitrary nanowire orientation distributions on conductivity. Our model is an upper bound and converges to the true conductivity as nanowire density grows. The model replaces Monte Carlo sampling with an asymptotically faster computation and in practice can be computed much more quickly than standard computational models. The success of our approximation provides theoretical insight into how nanowire orientation affects electrical conductivity.The unique pressure exerted by active particles-the "swim" pressure-has proven to be a useful quantity in explaining many of the seemingly confounding behaviors of active particles. However, its use has also resulted in some puzzling findings including an extremely negative surface tension between phase separated active particles. Here, we demonstrate that this contradiction stems from the fact that the swim pressure is not a true pressure. At a boundary or interface, the reduction in particle swimming generates a net active force density-an entirely self-generated body force. The pressure at the boundary, which was previously identified as the swim pressure, is in fact an elevated (relative to the bulk) value of the traditional particle pressure that is generated by this interfacial force density. Recognizing this unique mechanism for stress generation allows us to define a much more physically plausible surface tension. We clarify the utility of the swim pressure as an "equivalent pressure" (analogous to those defined from electrostatic and gravitational body forces) and the conditions in which this concept can be appropriately applied.Optomagnonics supports optical modes with high-quality optical factors and strong photon-magnon interaction on the scale of micrometers. These novel features provide an effective way to modulate the electromagnetic field in optical microcavities. Here in this work, we studied the magnon-induced chaos in an optomagnonical cavity under the condition of parity-time symmetry, and the chaotic behaviors of electromagnetic field could be observed under ultralow thresholds. Even more, the existence optomagnetic interaction makes this chaotic phenomenon controllable through modulating the external field. This research will enrich the study of light matter interaction in the microcavity and provide a theoretical guidance for random number state generation and the realization of the chaotic encryption of information on chips.We examine the signatures of internal structure emerged from quasistatic shear responses of granular materials based on three-dimensional discrete element simulations. Granular assemblies consisting of spheres or nonspherical particles of different polydispersity are sheared from different initial densities and under different loading conditions (drained or undrained) steadily to reach the critical state (a state featured by constant stress and constant volume). The radial distribution function used to measure the packing structure is found to remain almost unchanged during the shearing process, regardless of the initial states or loading conditions of an assembly. Deoxycytidine in vivo Its specific form, however, varies with polydispersities in both grain size and grain shape. Set Voronoi tessellation is employed to examine the characteristics of local volume and anisotropy, and deformation. The local inverse solid fraction and anisotropy index are found following inverse Weibull and log-normal distributions, respectively, which are unique at the critical states. With further normalization, an invariant distribution for local volume and anisotropy is observed whose function can be determined by the polydispersities in both particle size and grain shape but bears no relevance to initial densities or loading conditions (or paths). An invariant Gaussian distribution is found for the local deformation for spherical packings, but no invariant distribution can be found for nonspherical packings where the distribution of normalized local volumetric strain is dependent on initial states.This corrects the article DOI 10.1103/PhysRevE.100.043203.Whenever a dynamical process unfolds on static networks, the dynamical state of any focal individual will be exclusively influenced by directly connected neighbors, rather than by those unconnected ones, hence the arising of the dynamical correlation problem, where mean-field-based methods fail to capture the scenario. The dynamic correlation coupling problem has always been an important and difficult problem in the theoretical field of physics. The explicit analytical expressions and the decoupling methods often play a key role in the development of corresponding field. In this paper, we study the cyclic three-state dynamics on static networks, which include a wide class of dynamical processes, for example, the cyclic Lotka-Volterra model, the directed migration model, the susceptible-infected-recovered-susceptible epidemic model, and the predator-prey with empty sites model. We derive the explicit analytical solutions of the propagating size and the threshold curve surface for the four different dynamics. link2 We compare the results on static networks with those on annealed networks and made an interesting discovery for the symmetrical dynamical model (the cyclic Lotka-Volterra model and the directed migration model, where the three states are of rotational symmetry), the macroscopic behaviors of the dynamical processes on static networks are the same as those on annealed networks; while the outcomes of the dynamical processes on static networks are different with, and more complicated than, those on annealed networks for asymmetric dynamical model (the susceptible-infected-recovered-susceptible epidemic model and the predator-prey with empty sites model). We also compare the results forecasted by our theoretical method with those by Monte Carlo simulations and find good agreement between the results obtained by the two methods.Absorbing boundary conditions are presented for three-dimensional time-dependent Schrödinger-type of equations as a means to reduce the cost of the quantum-mechanical calculations. The boundary condition is first derived from a semidiscrete approximation of the Schrödinger equation with the advantage that the resulting formulas are automatically compatible with the finite-difference scheme and no further discretization is needed in space. The absorbing boundary condition is expressed as a discrete Dirichlet-to-Neumann map, which can be further approximated in time by using rational approximations of the Laplace transform to enable a more efficient implementation. This approach can be applied to domains with arbitrary geometry. The stability of the zeroth-order and first-order absorbing boundary conditions is proved. We tested the boundary conditions on benchmark problems. The effectiveness is further verified by a time-dependent Hartree-Fock model with Skyrme interactions. The accuracy in terms of energy and nucleon density is examined as well.Slow dynamic nonlinearity describes a poorly understood, creeplike phenomena that occurs in brittle composite materials such as rocks and cement. It is characterized by a drop in stiffness induced by a mechanical conditioning, followed by a log(time) recovery. A consensus theoretical understanding of the behavior has not been developed. Here we introduce an alternative experimental venue with which to inform theory. Unconsolidated glass bead packs are studied rather than rocks or cement because the structure and internal contacts of bead packs are less complex and better understood. Slow dynamics has been observed in such systems previously. However, the measurements to date tend to be irregular. Particular care is used here in the experimental design to overcome the difficulties inherent in bead pack studies. This includes the design of the bead pack support, the use of low-frequency conditioning, and the use of ultrasonic waves as a probe with coda wave interferometry to assess changes. Slow dynamics is observed in our system after three different methods for low-frequency conditioning, one of which has not been reported in the literature previously.An angular momentum conservative pure bulk viscosity term for smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) is proposed in the present paper. This formulation permits independent modeling of shear and bulk viscosities, which is of paramount importance for fluids with large bulk viscosity in situations where sound waves or large Mach numbers are expected. With this aim a dissipative term proportional to the rate of change of the volume is considered at the particle level. The equations of motion are derived from the minimization of a Lagrangian combined with an appropriate dissipation function that depends on this rate of change of particle volume, in analogy with the corresponding entropy production contribution in fluids. Due to the Galilean invariance of the formulation, the new term is shown to exactly conserve linear momentum. Moreover, its invariance under solid-body rotations also ensures the conservation of angular momentum. Two verification cases are proposed the one-dimensional propagation of a sound pulse and a two-dimensional case, modeling the time decay of an accelerating-decelerating pipe flow. link3 The SPH solutions are compared to exact ones, showing that the newly proposed term behaves indeed as a viscosity associated only with the local expansion-compression of the fluid. In view of these considerations, we conclude that the method presented in this paper allows for setting up a bulk viscosity independently of the shear one and as large as any particular problem may require. At the same time, together with the prescribed momentum conservation to reproduce the Navier-Stokes equation, the new term also keeps the angular momentum conservation required to properly model free interfaces or overall rotations of the bulk fluid.
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