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An Revise about Specific Treatments for IgA Nephropathy: An Auto-immune Perspective.
Regarding laboratory abnormalities, lymphopenia appears to be the most common finding, together with coagulation disorders and inflammatory markers elevation, reflecting a sustained systemic response. Abnormal liver and, occasionally, pancreatic tests are also common and even more severe in patients with gastrointestinal symptoms or diseases. Thus, the aim of this study is to focus on the laboratory and pathophysiologic side of this novel disease in order to strengthen current knowledge and urge further research. Detailed investigation of numerous studies may suggest a common laboratory pattern between COVID-19 patients. It is important for clinicians not to underestimate patients with gastrointestinal comorbidities, as they have been associated with severe COVID-19 disease.Juvenile psammomatoid ossifying fibroma (JPOF) is an uncommon benign and locally aggressive tumor. We report an unusual head tumour with extremely rare extensiveness and aggressivness. The patient was 18-year-old female with three-day-lasting headache and repetitive oral bleeding. Computed tomography revealed a large, well-circumscribed, expansile mass occupying ethmoid cells, nasal cavities and ventral part of the sphenoid sinus, with extention into the anterior cranial fossa. Pterional craniotomy was carried out. On one-year follow-up recurrence of the lesion was identified and the second surgery was performed. The lesion is under supervision now, due to incomplete removal.Borderline ovarian tumor is a non-invasive lesion with an excellent prognosis. Here we report a case of 48-year-old woman with distinctive clinical presentation of metastasis of ovarian adenocarcinoma, which was an microinvasive component of a serous borderline tumor. On initial diagnosis patient did not present any clinical manifestation of ovarian tumor. Histological examination of resected ovary showed typical features of the serous borderline tumor with one very diminutive focus of invasive serous adenocarcinoma 4mm in diameter. This exceptional case shows that borderline tumors of ovary with any features of invasion could present an aggressive course with distant metastases.Uveal melanoma is the most common primary malignancy of the eye in adults. It may involve the choroid and ciliary body, and in only 2-3% of cases it involves the iris. We present a case of a 56-year-old patient with a 6-year history of unilateral, inflammatory, refractory glaucoma of the right eye. Due to acquired heterochromia and heterogeneous thickness of the iris, iris melanoma was suspected, but the incisional biopsy did not confirm the diagnosis. In the next months, the lesion enlarged and the eye globe was enucleated. Histopathological examination revealed an iridociliary melanoma with annular growth pattern.We have aimed to study reasons for reporting false-negative cytology results preceding diagnosis of interval cervical cancers (CC) in Poland. Data on all Pap smears collected in the organised screening in 2010-2015 were retrieved from the electronic database and linked with Polish National Cancer Registry (PNCR) data. False-negative results were defined as those sampled and assessed normal up to 3.5 years before diagnosis of invasive CC. False-negative slides were then seeded among twice as many randomly selected slides from the same lab and reviewed independently by three expert cytomorphologists. New diagnosis was established when experts agreed on a result. selleck Of 48 selected false-negative slides, 1 case was diagnosed as a low-grade abnormality, 22 cases as a high-grade abnormalities, 3 cases as unsatisfactory for evaluation and 5 as no intraepithelial lesion of malignancy (NILM) by all three experts. There was no agreement in 17 cases. Percentages of agreement between experts was 64.6. Interobserver agreement rate was moderate with Fleiss' κ values. Our pilot study indicates evaluation errors as the main reason of false-negative cytology preceding interval CC in the organized screening programme in Poland. True lack of abnormal cells on the slide is the next reason.Desmoid-type fibromatosis is locally aggressive tumor rare in general population, although commonly present in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis, significantly contributing to the morbidity and mortality of patients. To optimize and individualize the management of patients it is necessary to better understand the biology of these tumors. Immunohistochemical analysis of β-catenin, VEGF, hormone receptors ERβ, ERα and PR, COX-2, APC protein, EGFR, c-kit (CD117), bcl-2 and HER2 expression, potential therapeutic targets, was carried out on 15 archival biopsy samples together with APC gene mutational screening. β-catenin expression was found in all samples, with over 73% showing high range positivity, however with no prognostic significance. Non-specific cytoplasmic localization of β-catenin was observed FAP-associated cases lacking CTNNB1 mutations. Hormone receptor status demonstrated expression of ERβ in 93% of lesions, without detectable ERα or PR. Distinct COX-2 expression of variable intensity was present in all but one desmoid-type fibromatosis case. All lesions demonstrated intense VEGF positivity. Immunoreactivity for the APC protein was found only in 4 cases associated with FAP. No EGFR, HER2, bcl-2 or c-kit expression was detected in any sample. Expression of β-catenin, VEGF, ERβ, COX-2 in high number of cases suggests a potential as future therapeutic targets in desmoid-type fibromatosis.Krüppel-like transcription factor 6 (KLF6) is a ubiquitous tumor suppressor gene involved in regulating cell growth, proliferation, differentiation and angiogenesis. The objective of the study was to investigate the clinical and prognostic significance of KLF6 expression in cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) patients. A total of CMM 67 patients were enrolled in this study. The specimens were evaluated by immunohistochemistry to detect KLF6. The positive KLF6 expression in CMM tissues was significantly lower than in normal skin tissues (p less then 0.01).The presence of KLF6 in CMM was correlated with ulceration (p less then 0.01), lymph node metastasis (p less then 0.01) and clinical stage (p less then 0.01). The overall 5-year survival rate of the 67 patients was 13.4%. The 5-year survival rate of patients with negative KLF6 expression was correlated with KLF6 expression (p less then 0.01), ulceration (p less then 0.01), lymph node metastasis (p less then 0.01), clinical stage (p less then 0.01) and operation type (p less then 0.01). Ulceration and clinical staging were independent relevant factors. In conclusion, the presence of KLF6 in CMM was correlated with ulceration, lymph node metastasis, clinical stage and poor prognosis.It is well known that metastasis is the most crucial factor in determining the fate of the patient. The prognosis of melanoma is very poor at the stage of metastasis. Recently, several genes and proteins, including kindlin3, dioxin receptor (AhR), RASSF6, and claudin-11, which were shown as possible prognostic biomarkers for human tumours, were described. In this study, we focused on these proteins in melanoma within a clinical setting. Forty-three primary melanomas (PMs), 17 metastatic melanomas (MMs), 15 melanocytic nevi (MN), and two melanoma cell lines were included in this retrospective study. All proteins were investigated using immunohistochemistry, and analysis was performed using a semi-quantitative immunoreactive score (IRS). The nevus group showed lower RASSF6 and AhR IRS levels than PMs. RASSF6 and kindlin-3 levels in the PMs with metastasis (MwM) and also in PMs showing lymphovascular invasion were significantly lower. The logistic regression model also proved that kindlin-3 expression was a significant independent predictor of metastasis. The current study supports the role of kindlin-3 and RASSF6 as prognostic biomarkers in melanoma. Besides the prognostic roles of these proteins, they are probably potential candidates for target-oriented therapies for melanoma metastasis blocking.There is growing evidence which indicates that the development and the biological features of cancer such as the invasion, metastases and recurrence are related to the presence and behavior of the cancer stem cells (CSC). However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying CSCs-specific properties are poorly determined, the Hippo pathway has emerged as a fundamental regulator underlying CSCs stemness. Immunohistochemical method was used to examine the immunoexpression of SOX2, TAZ and α-SMA in oral squamous cells carcinomas with metastases - OSCC M+ (n = 42), and without metastases - OSCC M- (n = 44), and 17 control cases. The immunoexpression of SOX2, TAZ and α-SMA was significantly increased in both group of OSCC in comparison to control groups. Moreover, significantly increased TAZ and α-SMA immunoexpression were found in OSCC M+ compared to OSCC M-. In OSCC M+ and OSCC M- groups there were statistically significant correlations between the immunoexpression of TAZ vs SOX2 (r = 0.56, p less then 0.001; r = 0.33, p less then 0.03 respectively), and TAZ vs α-SMA (r = 0.64, p less then 0.001; r = 0.67, p less then 0.001 respectively). Moreover, there was statistically significant association between TAZ high /SOX2 high coexistent immunoexpression and the presence of metastases (p less then 0.007). Our results may suggest that SOX2 and TAZ could potentially cooperate and contribute to process of metastasis, especially in cases with TAZ high /SOX2 high expression.To explore the relationship between PD-L1 expression and gene mutations and survival. PD L1, ALK and MET protein expression were detected by immunohistochemistry, and EGFR gene mutation by RT-PCR in 209 cases of NSCLC. The correlations between PD-L1 expression and gene mutations, clinicopathological features and survival was analyzed. PD-L1 was expressed in 99/209 cases (47.4%) of NSCLC, including score 1 (≥ 1% to less then 5%) 23 cases (11%), score 2 (≥ 5% to 50%) 40 cases (19.1%). There were 89 cases (42.6%) of EGFR mutation, 12 (5.7%) of ALK and 90 (43.1%) of MET protein positive. PD-L1 positive expression occurred more frequently in men and non-adenocarcinoma, and was negatively correlated with EGFR mutation and histological differentiation of NSCLC. PD-L1 expression was concordant in primary and metastatic cancers. There was no any effect of PD-L1 expression on overall survival of patients with NSCLC. These results suggested that PD-L1 expression is not an independent risk factor for survival of patients with NSCLC. Because of mutual complementarities of PD-L1 expression and EGFR mutation in NSCLC, both should be simultaneously detected for the patients to achieve eligible treatments.Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm (SPN) is a pancreatic tumor, which should be distinguished from neuroendocrine tumors (NET). It was postulated that SPN arise from the neural crest (NC). The purpose of the study was to examine expression levels of NC markers L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM) and nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR) in SPN and NET using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and tissue microarrays, aiming to test their potential utility as auxiliary IHC markers for differential diagnosis of SPN vs. NET. In the training cohort (n = 16 SPN), all cases showed L1CAM expression (usually weak, median extent 45% of cells), and NGFR expression (usually moderate to strong, median extent 100% of cells). In the validation cohort (n = 10 SPN), 90% of cases were L1CAM-positive (usually weak expression, median extent 15% of cells), and 100% were NGFR-positive (usually weak expression, median extent 70% of cells). Among NET cases (n = 29) L1CAM was found in 2 (7%), and NGFR in 1 case (3%). L1CAM and NGFR were expressed in SPN, but the intensities and extent of IHC staining differed across the cases.
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