Notes

Microsecond shedding and also revitrification associated with cryo samples.
© 2020 John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.Testes and vasa deferentia are parts of the male reproductive system of decapod crustaceans. Both organs show morphological differences among decapod species in terms of anatomical and histological patterns reflecting the diversity of this group. Describing these features may assist in systematics, phylogenetics, and studies of reproductive behavior, especially for species of commercial interest, such as Macrobrachium carcinus, a native American species that, unusually for this genus, has no precopulation courting behavior. This study aims to describe the reproductive morphology and spermatogenesis of the male freshwater prawn M. carcinus. The male reproductive system of this species consisted of lobed testes connected to the vasa deferentia. The testis of M. JSH23 carcinus was divided into several lobules. Each lobule was formed by a cluster of germ cells surrounded by connective tissue and nurse cells. This microscopic anatomy and histology of the testicular histoarchitecture has been described for many species of Decapoda and may represent a derived design of the testes. Unlike that in other decapod species, spermatogenesis proceeds in short transitory phases that produce spermatozoa at high concentrations and frequencies, corroborating the uncommon male reproductive behavior of this species. In the spermatic pathway, the lobules develop and fuse before releasing spermatozoa from the testes; however, this process has not been observed in decapods, yet. The neutral compounds secreted by the vas deferens are important for sperm nutrition as females secrete a substance for spermatophore adhesion during reproduction. This study presents different features and dynamics of the spermatogenic process in the male reproductive system of M. carcinus that have not yet been presented in the literature for decapods. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.BACKGROUND Intronic pentanucleotide insertion in the sterile alpha motif domain-containing 12 gene was recently identified as the genetic cause of familial cortical myoclonic tremor with epilepsy type 1. OBJECTIVES We thereafter conducted a multimodal MRI research to further understand familial cortical myoclonic tremor with epilepsy type 1. METHODS We enrolled 31 patients carrying heterozygous pathogenic intronic pentanucleotide insertion in the sterile alpha motif domain-containing 12 gene and 31 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. We compared multimodal MRI metrics, including voxel-based morphometry, fractional anisotropy of diffuse tensor imaging, frequency-dependent percent amplitude fluctuation, and seed-based functional connectivity of resting-state functional MRI. RESULTS Significant decreased gray matter volume was found in the cerebellum. Percent amplitude fluctuation analysis showed significant interaction effect of "Frequency by Group" in three regions, including the vermis VIII, left cerebellaamilial cortical myoclonic tremor with epilepsy type 1. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.SEM of corrosion casts (CC) provides the opportunities to study the vessels and ducts in the phyllogenetic and ontogenetic (age-related) settings, as well as the pathogenesis, compensation, and sanogenesis in different diseases and experimental models. Along with the refinement of SEM CC, the requirements toward casting media (CM) as nontoxicity, low viscosity, quick polymerization, resistance to corrosion solutions, availability, and so on, gradually has developed. We aimed to adapt the sets widely used in dental practice toward the modern requirements to the CC. The following ratio of the components of Protacryl-M and Aycryl-C sets were used for the preparation CM-0.25 g MAYCRYL Powder +0.08 g Benzoyl Peroxide +5.0 ml Protacryl-M liquid component +0.2 Redont Colour (dye concentrate). The obtained solidifying mass was injected in the blood vessels and biliary ducts of the adult Wistar white rats. The SEM of CC of different organs' vascular networks, as well as a biliary tract, reveals that offered CM excellently replicates the forms and branching features of studied tubular structures of all sizes and gives the adequate imprinting of their luminal surfaces. Besides, CM may provide the replication of perivascular spaces and give the casts having no analogous in the appropriate literature. The CM prepared by us perfectly reproduces all possibilities of famous rubbers widely used for the casting of different vascular-ductular structures. Besides, it presents the new implications, which should be implemented in the profound research of the connective-tissue skeleton of different organs. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Autophagy plays a role in several human diseases, but each of the current methods to measure autophagy have significant drawbacks. ATG5 and ATG16L1 are regulators necessary for autophagy therefore, drugs which inhibit the interaction of these proteins may be therapeutically useful. To evaluate the interaction of ATG5 and ATG16L1 in cells, their cDNAs were fused to the coding sequences of SmBIT and LgBIT, two components of Nanoluc luciferase. This generated a luminescent signal when SmBIT and LgBIT interacted to form a functional luciferase as a result of their co-localization which was brought about by the binding of ATG5 and ATG16L1. The assay measures the interaction in real time and can be used in microplate format to allow for multiple experimental conditions to be assessed. The interaction of ATG5 and ATG16L1 is not significantly altered by inhibition of lysosomal function, or inhibitors of Ulk1, vps34 or mTORC1. Although there was constitutive interaction of ATG5 and ATG16L1 and luminescence was stimulated within 3 minutes, by up to 500%, when the cells are deprived of nutrients. When the nutrients are returned, the complex returns to its basal status equally rapidly. Sphingosine-1-Phosphate and CYM-5541 partially repressed the effects of nutrient starvation. Furthermore, we identified a small molecule inhibitor that interferes with the interaction of ATG5 and ATG16L1 in cells. This assay provides a novel tool for researchers to measure autophagy and can be potentially applied to many cell types. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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