Notes

Compound as well as microwave co-assisted removing, structural characterization along with de-oxidizing task involving polysaccharides from Purple-heart Radish.
cancer patients who have subclinical and clinical ATRCD, help in the development of local strategies to prevent and manage ATRCD, and improve cardiovascular outcome for Ugandan cancer survivors.
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the use of tachypnea as a proxy to the diagnosis of pneumonia.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between body temperature alterations and respiratory rate (RR) difference (RRD) in children with acute respiratory infections(ARI).

This cross-sectional study included 297 children with age 2-60 months who presented with cough and fever at the pediatric emergency and outpatient clinics in the Department of Pediatrics, Baskent University Hospital, from January 2016 through June 2018. Each parent completed a structured questionnaire to collect background data. Weight and height were taken. Body temperature, respiratory rate, presence of the chest indrawing, rales, wheezing and laryngeal stridor were also recorded. RRD was defined as the differences in RR at admission and after 3 days of treatment.

Both respiratory rate and RRD were moderately correlated with body temperature (r=0.71, p<0.001 and r=0.65, p<0.001; respectively). For every 1°C increase in temperature, RRD increased by 5.7/minutes in overall, 7.2/minute in the patients under 12 months of age, 6.4/minute in the female. The relationship between body temperature and RRD wasn't statistically significant in patients with rhonchi, chest indrawing, and low oxygen saturation.

Respiratory rate should be evaluated according to the degree of body temperature in children with ARI. However, the interaction between body temperature and respiratory rate could not be observed in cases with rhonchi and severe pneumonia.
Respiratory rate should be evaluated according to the degree of body temperature in children with ARI. However, the interaction between body temperature and respiratory rate could not be observed in cases with rhonchi and severe pneumonia.
Self medication is a common practice of using medicines without a medical supervision by the people themselves. Self medication is likely to happen when people feel unwell, it is worse in the population with poor helth seeking behavior. see more Therefore it is important to assess the prevalence and factors associated with self medication with antibiotics among University students in Moshi, Kilimanjaro Tanzania.

A cross sectional study was conducted from April-August 2019 at two Universities in Moshi, including one medical and one non medical. The study population were undergraduate students aged 18 and above, A self-filled questionnaire was used for data collection and data analyzed using the SPSS version 16 and association was tested using chi square.

Out 374 students enrolled 187 from each University, 126 were female and 248 were male with age ranging from 19 to 35 years with mean age of 23.91 years. The prevalence of self medication with antibiotics was 57% and the most common used antibiotics was amoxicilliation with antibiotics was high among University students and there is no significant difference in both medical and non medical students. link2 The most feared outcome on self medication with antibiotics is antibiotic drug resistance which leads to treatment failure along with high financial costs and increase mortality rate following microbial infections.
Tuberculosis (TB) sputum culture contaminants make it difficult to obtain pure TB isolates.We aimed to study and identify persistent TB sputum culture contaminants post the standard laboratory pre-culture sample decontamination techniques.

This was a longitudinal study of TB sputum culture contamination for a cohort of TB patients on standard treatment at baseline, during TB treatment and post TB treatment. Sputum samples were decontaminated with 1.5%NaOH and neutralized using 6.8 Phosphate buffer solution.Sputum was then inoculated into MGIT (mycobactrial growth indicator tube) supplemented with 0.8ml PANTA. A drop of each positive MGIT culture was sub cultured onto blood agar and incubated for 48 hours at 35 -37OC.Any growth was identified using growth characteristics and colony morphology.

From October 2017 through May 2019;we collected 8645 sputum samples of which 8624(99.8%) were eligible and inoculated into MGIT where 2444(28.3%)samples were TB culture positive and 255(10.4%)were positive for contaminants 237 none-tuberculosis bacteria, 12 fungi and 6 mixed(none-tuberculous bacteria+fungi). There was no statistically significant difference between none tuberculosis bacteria and fungi in the treatment (OR=1.4,95%CI0.26-7.47,p=0.690) and the post treatment TB phases(OR=2.02,95%CI0.38-10.79,p=0.411)Vs baseline.

None-tuberculous bacteria and fungi dominate the plethora of TB sputum culture contamination and persist beyond the standard laboratory pre-culture decontamination algorithm.
None-tuberculous bacteria and fungi dominate the plethora of TB sputum culture contamination and persist beyond the standard laboratory pre-culture decontamination algorithm.
In Ethiopia, specimens of presumptive drug resistant tuberculosis cases are transported by courier system from district sample collection centers to reference laboratories. It is essential to track the effectiveness of the referral system and identify challenges in order to take timely and appropriate actions. We assessed turnaround time and quality of specimens, and explored challenges of the specimen referral system in Amhara region, Ethiopia, 2017.

With mixed methods, we retrospectively examined 385 randomly selected presumptive drug resistance TB specimens, and interviewed 53 purposively selected key informants from laboratories and post offices. We calculated median TAT and proportion of acceptable quality. We analyzed qualitative data thematically.

Of the 385 specimens, 94.5% (364/385) had acceptable quality at arrival in the reference laboratories. All the 364 specimens had result. Three - fourth (76.1%) of results were dispatched to the referring health facilities within the recommended turnaround time. Ineffective communication and lack of feedback among institutions were mentioned as challenges.

The postal service was effective in keeping quality and majority of test results were timely delivered. Yet, there were operational challenges. Therefore, effective communication, using dedicated vehicle for specimen shipment and awareness creation on specimen collection and handling are recommended.
The postal service was effective in keeping quality and majority of test results were timely delivered. Yet, there were operational challenges. Therefore, effective communication, using dedicated vehicle for specimen shipment and awareness creation on specimen collection and handling are recommended.
Malaria parasite has been observed to be a common infection in Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV), an increase malaria infection in adults.

This experimental study is sets to determine the prevalence and density of malaria parasitaemia in Warri community, South-Southern Nigeria.

A total of 600 participants were screened for Human immunodeficiency virus and malaria parasite using WHO systems two and Geimsa staining technique for thick and thin blood films and absolute parasite counts done respectively. The prevalence rate of 38% and 39% were obtained for malaria parasite infection among HIVSP and HIV/span>SN respectively. The difference in malaria parasite infection was not statistically significant (P>0.05) between HIVSP and HIVSN. However, the mean parasite density in HIVSP was significant (P<0.05) when compared with HIVSN. The mean parasite densities of 2384 ± 747 and 1883 ± 645 were recorded for HIVSP and HIVSN respectively. The mean parasite densities of 2385 ± 782 and 2383 ± 717 observed for males and females respectively showed no statistical significant difference (P<0.05).

This study has shown a high prevalence of malaria parasite among the HIV infected subjects.
This study has shown a high prevalence of malaria parasite among the HIV infected subjects.
Key populations have disproportionately higher HIV prevalence rates than the general population.

To determine the level of virologic suppression and associated factors in female Commercial Sex Workers (CSW) who completed six months of ART and compare with the female general population (GP).

Clinical records of CSW and GPs who initiated ART between December 2014 to December 2016 from seven urban clinics were analyzed to determine virologic suppression (viral load < 1000 copies/ml) and associated factors.

We identified 218 CSW and 182 female GPs. CSW had median age of 28 (IQR 25-31) vs 31 (IQR 26-37); median baseline CD4 446 (IQR 308-696) vs 352 (IQR 164-493) cells/microL; and optimal ART adherence levels at 70.6% vs 92.8% respectively, compared to GP. Virologic suppression in CSW and GPs was 85.7% and 89.6% respectively, P=0.28. Overall virologic suppression in CSW was 55% while Retention in care after 6 months of ART was 77.5%. Immediate ART initiation (<2weeks) and tuberculosis independently predicted virologic suppression in CSW with adjusted odds ratios 0.07 (95% C.I. 0.01-0.55, P=0.01) and 0.09 (95% C.I. link3 0.01-0.96, P=0.046) respectively.

Virologic suppression in both groups is similar, however, intensified follow-up is needed to improve treatment outcomes.
Virologic suppression in both groups is similar, however, intensified follow-up is needed to improve treatment outcomes.
Although sub-Saharan African countries have rolled out massive HIV treatment and care programmes, there is little evidence of these having embraced key population groups particularly female sex workers. Due to the criminalisation of sex work in countries like Zimbabwe, research on HIV and its impact on this group is sparse. The absence of an enabling environment has hindered access to HIV care and treatment services for female sex workers.

To gain an in-depth understanding of the experiences of female sex workers accessing HIV care and treatment services to enhance programming and planning for this key population group.

This study was qualitative and phenomenological. Data saturation determined the sample size of 20 participants. Data was collected using in-depth interviews that were audio recorded, transcribed, and subjected to thematic content analysis.

Our findings demonstrate varying dynamics between the private and public sector HIV care services for sex workers, with facilitators and barriers to access to care.

Health workers need sensitization and training in the provision of differentiated care. For effective linkage to and retention in care an enabling environment is critical.
Health workers need sensitization and training in the provision of differentiated care. For effective linkage to and retention in care an enabling environment is critical.
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) are the second most common cause of healthy life years lost by women in the 15 - 44 years age group in Africa.

To determine the prevalence of STIs among pregnant women attending antenatal care (ANC) clinics in the West Coast Region of The Gambia.

Blood, urine, and high vaginal swabs samples from 280 pregnant women attending ANC in Brikama District Hospital, Brikama, and Bandung Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Bandung were examined. Serum samples were tested for HIV using western blot technique and for syphilis using the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test, and rapid plasma regimen. Candida albicans, Group B Streptococcus and Neisseria gonorrhoea were identified using Analytical Profile Index (API). Direct urine microscopy was used to identify C. albicans and Trichomonas vaginalis while Chlamydia trachomatis was identified using Direct Fluorescent Antibody (DFA) test.

The overall prevalence of STIs was 53.6%. The pathogenic agents isolated were Candida albicans (31.
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