Notes

Knowing the Pathophysiology involving Genetic Vestibular Disorders: Current Problems along with Future Guidelines.
To systematically review the scientific literature to determine the predictive validity of technology-assisted measures of observable infant movement in infants less than six months of corrected age (CA) to identify high-risk of motor disability.

A comprehensive search for randomised and non-randomised controlled trials, cohort studies and cross-comparison trials was performed on five electronic databases up to Feb 2021. Studies were included if they quantified infant movement before 6 months CA using some method of technology-assistance and compared the instrumented measure to a diagnostic clinical measure of neurodevelopment. Studies were excluded if they did not report a technology-assisted measure of infant movement. Methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the Downs and Black scale.

23 studies met the full inclusion and exclusion criteria. Methodological quality of the included papers ranged from 9 to 24 (out of 26) on the Downs and Black scale. Infant movement assessments n of measurement tools are limited. Although methods and results appear promising clinical uptake of technology-assisted assessments remains limited.
Frontal alpha asymmetry (FAA) has been associated with the regulation of certain types of internalizing psychopathologies, and is affected by acute aerobic exercise (AE). However, no previous studies have examined the association between FAA and internalizing problems or the effects of acute exercise on FAA in children with ADHD.

This study had two objectives. First, it aimed to examine the relationship between FAA and internalizing behaviors in children with ADHD. Second, it sought to investigate the differential effects of acute AE (30 and 50 min) on FAA.

Participants were assigned to one of the following three groups 50 min of AE, 30 min of AE, and a control group. Epinephrine Resting electroencephalogram (EEG) data were recorded before and after their respective treatments. EEG data from 43 participants were analyzed to investigate the association between pre-test FAA and internalizing problems as assessed by Child Behavior Checklist scores. Additionally, EEG data from 46 participants were analyzed to examine the effects of acute AE on post-test FAA while controlling for pre-test FAA.

Pre-test FAA was found to be significantly negatively associated with internalizing problems, with both hemispheres contributing to this association. Regarding the effects of acute exercise, the 50-minute AE group had highest post-test FAA, reflected by the increased relative left-side frontal activity.

These findings suggest that FAA is a biological marker of internalizing symptoms in children with ADHD, and a 50-minute session of AE can effectively modulate FAA.
These findings suggest that FAA is a biological marker of internalizing symptoms in children with ADHD, and a 50-minute session of AE can effectively modulate FAA.Skeletal remains are often found on a crime scene in which a forensic anthropologist is then consulted to create a biological profile, which includes the estimation of age, sex, ancestry and stature. The viscerocranium plays an important role in the formation of a biological profile. However, to utilise the viscerocranium for age estimation, population specific normative data and knowledge of the development of the viscerocranium is required. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the developmental changes from birth to 18 years of age of the facial skeleton of individuals from a South African cohort. This study comprised of 239 computed tomography (CT) scans (128 males; 111 females). The viscerocranium was subdivided into five regions viz. orbital, nasal, midfacial, maxillary and mandibular. The linear parameters in each region were correlated to age to identify the developmental growth patterns of the viscerocranial regions according to male and female. The measurements which displayed the highest corret cohort.
The purpose of this study was to translate, cross-culturally adapt, and validate the Upper Limb Functional Index (ULFI) into Brazilian Portuguese (ULFI-Br).

The translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the ULFI was performed according to international recommendations. The ULFI-Br was applied to 190 patients with chronic upper limb musculoskeletal disorders to verify structural validity. The QuickDASH, the SF-36 and a Numerical Pain Scale (NPS) were completed by 180 patients to assess construct validity using the Spearman correlation (ρ). The internal structure of the ULFI-Br was evaluated by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis with fit indices chi-square/degrees of freedom (DF), Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA), Comparative Fit Index (CFI) and Tucker Lewis Index (TLI). A subsample of 51 patients was used to assess test-retest reliability using the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM) and minimum detectable change at the 90th percentile (MDC
). Internal consistency was assessed by Cronbach's alpha (α). Floor and ceiling effects were also assessed.

Factor analysis identified an uni-dimensional structure with acceptable fit indices (RMSEA=0.063, CFI=0.918, TLI=0.910). The ULFI-Br showed excellent reliability (ICC=0.909) and adequate internal consistency (α=0.897). The SEM was 6.11% and the MDC
was 14.26%. The ULFI-Br demonstrated high correlation with the QuickDASH (ρ=-0.721), and moderate to low correlation with other questionnaires. There were no floor or ceiling effects.

The ULFI-Br showed adequate measurement properties in patients with chronic upper limb musculoskeletal disorders indicating its suitability for use as a measure of upper limb functional status in Brazil.
The ULFI-Br showed adequate measurement properties in patients with chronic upper limb musculoskeletal disorders indicating its suitability for use as a measure of upper limb functional status in Brazil.
Latent trigger point (LTrP) can cause motor dysfunction and disturb normal patterns of motor recruitment.

To analyze the effects of DN in the upper trapezius (UT) LTrP on pain and the mechanical and contractile properties of the muscle.

A randomized, double-blinded, parallel-group-trial.

Fifty healthy volunteers with LTrPs in the UT were randomly divided into a DN-group (n=26) and a Sham-DN-group (n=24) and received one session of DN or placebo treatment. Mechanical and contractile properties of the muscle and pressure pain perception (PPP) were evaluated before treatment and in a 30min, 24h and 72h follow-up after treatment.

In the mechanical properties, the DN-group showed lower values than the Sham-DN-group for dynamic stiffness at 72h (p=0.04). The DN-group showed lower values for dynamic stiffness at 72h from baseline (278.74±38.40 to 261.54±33.64N/m; p=0.01) and for tone at 72h from 30min (16.62±1.27 to 15.88±1.31Hz; p=0.01). In the contractile properties, the DN-group showed higher values for maximal radial displacement (Dm) of the muscle belly at 72h from baseline (5.38±1.67 to 6.13±1.70mm; p=0.04), higher values for contraction time at 30min (28.53±8.80s; p=0.03) and lower ones at 72h (24.74±4.36s; p=0.04) from baseline (26.97±6.63s). The DN-group showed a decrease of PPP from baseline to 72h after treatment (5.16±1.33 to 4.02±0.97mm; p<0.01).

The application of DN in healthy volunteers over LTrPs in the UT decreased dynamic stiffness, tone and contraction time and increased Dm at 72h after treatment. Additionally, the PPP showed a decrease at 72h after needling. CLINICALTRIALS.GOV NCT04466813.
The application of DN in healthy volunteers over LTrPs in the UT decreased dynamic stiffness, tone and contraction time and increased Dm at 72 h after treatment. Additionally, the PPP showed a decrease at 72 h after needling. CLINICALTRIALS.GOV NCT04466813.
An observational cohort study to determine whether localised manual therapy results in a preferential increase in mobility of the targeted motion segment.

Eighteen participants with mechanical neck pain had three MRIs of their cervical spine. The first two were taken prior to treatment in neutral and at the end of active rotation in their more limited rotation. Participants received localised manual therapy targeting a motion segment deemed to be relevant to their presentation until either their range increased by>10° or 8min, whichever came first. A third MRI was performed immediately after treatment with their head in the same rotated position as pre-treatment. In the images, each vertebra was segmented using a semi-automated process. Movement between neutral and rotated positions was calculated as Euler angles and distance of facet translations for each motion segment.

Rotation and lateral flexion at the targeted location increased by 40% (mean 0.86° (CI 0.24-1.48) and 15% (mean 0.52° (CI 0.17-1.21) respectively with only the CIs for rotation not containing zero. The mean changes for the non-targeted locations were less than 0.1° for each axis and all CIs contained zero. Facet translations at the targeted location increased by 25% (0.419mm) and decreased by >4% (>0.01mm) at the untreated locations but the wide CIs both contained zero.

Localised manual therapy seems to have a preferential effect on mobility of the targeted motion segment. The findings support considering segmental dysfunction in clinical reasoning and the use of specifically targeted manual therapy interventions.
Localised manual therapy seems to have a preferential effect on mobility of the targeted motion segment. The findings support considering segmental dysfunction in clinical reasoning and the use of specifically targeted manual therapy interventions.
Echo intensity(EI) on ultrasonography images of skeletal muscle reflects muscle composition.

The primary aim of the study was to investigate the inter-rater and test-retest reliability of EI using grayscale histogram analysis of the cross-sectional area of quadriceps femoris(QF) muscle in patients with knee osteoarthritis(KOA). The secondary aim of the study was to determine the concurrent validity of the Free Hand Tool(FHT) when compared to Rectangular Marquee Tool(RMT) for calculating the region of interest(ROI) in ImageJ.

This study included thirty patients with KOA. Echogenicity of the QF muscle were performed by two different raters. The reliability analysis was applied using intraclass correlation coefficient(ICC), standard error of measurement(SEM) and coefficient of variation(CV). Spearman rank correlation coefficients were calculated for assessing concurrent validity of the FHT to RMT. The Bland-Altman plots was used to show disagreement between tools. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used for dif muscle changes due to KOA.A key feature of sequential decision making under uncertainty is a need to balance between exploiting-choosing the best action according to the current knowledge, and exploring-obtaining information about values of other actions. The multi-armed bandit problem, a classical task that captures this trade-off, served as a vehicle in machine learning for developing bandit algorithms that proved to be useful in numerous industrial applications. The active inference framework, an approach to sequential decision making recently developed in neuroscience for understanding human and animal behaviour, is distinguished by its sophisticated strategy for resolving the exploration-exploitation trade-off. This makes active inference an exciting alternative to already established bandit algorithms. Here we derive an efficient and scalable approximate active inference algorithm and compare it to two state-of-the-art bandit algorithms Bayesian upper confidence bound and optimistic Thompson sampling. This comparison is done on two types of bandit problems a stationary and a dynamic switching bandit.
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