Notes

Refining the Multi-Component Intranasal Entamoeba Histolytica Vaccine Formula Using a Design of Findings Technique.
Every unidentified isolate (6/6) corresponded to M. avium/intracellulare complex.

MALDI-TOF MS is fast, simple and cheaper than molecular methods and also has adequate accuracy.
MALDI-TOF MS is fast, simple and cheaper than molecular methods and also has adequate accuracy.Campylobacter spp. is considered as the first etiologic agent of diarrhea in developed countries and the second or third in developing countries. The high incidence of Campylobacter gastroenteritis and its possible post-infection sequelae (reactive arthritis, Miller-Fisher syndrome or Guillain-Barré syndrome) give it great importance from the socioeconomic point of view. However, in most developing countries there is no routine microbial diagnosis of this pathogen. In Chile, campylobacteriosis is notifiable since 1983. However, the lack of routine diagnosis by clinical laboratories has made it difficult to know the true prevalence of this pathogen in both intestinal and extra-intestinal infections. In addition, although campylobacteriosis is a zoonotic disease, the diagnosis of this pathogen is not considered within the Chilean Food Sanitary Regulations. All this results in a lack of knowledge about the epidemiology of Campylobacter spp disease in Chile. Therefore, the objective of this review is to analyze the situation of campylobacteriosis in the last two decades in Chile and to determine the challenges that remain to achieve an effective microbial diagnosis and epidemiologic surveillance.
The Chilean Program for the Control and Elimination of Tuberculosis (PROCET) has reduced mortality from this disease by 78% between 2004 and 2013. However, after decades of successful results, starting in 2000 there was a slowdown in the reduction of incidence and since 2014, an increase in it.

To describe the socio-epidemiological evolution of tuberculosis (TB) cases treated at health clinics in the Metropolitan Region (MR) of Chile from 2005 to 2018, stratifying by country of origin.

Cross-sectional study with ecological components, including analyses of age, sex, TB localization, bacteriological confirmation of diagnosis, co-infection with HIV, incarceration, country of origin, and effectiveness of tuberculosis treatment.

A total of 7,507 TB cases were recorded during the study period; 75.1% of cases were pulmonary tuberculosis, and 65.4% were bacteriologically confirmed. Overall, 19.0% of cases involved persons born outside of Chile, with the proportion of cases in foreign-born persons increasing over the past 6 years. Incidence decreased during the first half of the study period but then began to increase after 2012, moving the country away from the threshold of elimination. A total of 74.3% of cases were treated successfully, and 13.4% expired.

In recent years, TB incidence has increased in the MR of Chile, possibly attributable to growing populations of vulnerable groups such as immigrants. Lenalidomide research buy This finding suggests an urgent need to implement and reinforce strategies such as education, an active screening model and more efficient contact tracing to prevent the spread of TB.
In recent years, TB incidence has increased in the MR of Chile, possibly attributable to growing populations of vulnerable groups such as immigrants. This finding suggests an urgent need to implement and reinforce strategies such as education, an active screening model and more efficient contact tracing to prevent the spread of TB.
Measles cases are reemerging in many countries across the globe. There was an outbreak of imported measles between November 2018 and February 2019 in Chile, raising concern among the public and health authorities. Many were worried about the Chilean measles herd immunity, a factor that relates to the reproductive capacity of the virus (measure of transmissibility of a pathogen).

Here we estimate the effective reproductive number (Re) of this measles outbreak.

Although the estimate is highly uncertain due to the low number of cases and the absence of homogeneous mixing of the population, we found Re was approximately 1.5.

Consequently we estimated about 90,3 % had measles immunity, consistent with administrative estimates from the Ministry of Health. These results suggest the Chilean population has established herd immunity against the introduction of imported measles cases, reflecting adequate preventive management of this disease.
Consequently we estimated about 90,3 % had measles immunity, consistent with administrative estimates from the Ministry of Health. These results suggest the Chilean population has established herd immunity against the introduction of imported measles cases, reflecting adequate preventive management of this disease.The azoles are drugs that inhibit the 14α-sterol-demethylase enzyme preventing the binding of ergosterol, altering the functionality and structure of the fungal cell wall. Especially the group of triazoles fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole and isavuconazole, are a pharmacological alternative for the treatment of the invasive fungal disease, caused by Aspergillus spp, Candida spp, Cryptococcus spp, by emerging pathogens for example, the Mucoral and finally of endemic mycosis as those caused by Histoplasma spp. and Coccidioides spp. The adverse effects of the triazoles are less frequent compared to those caused by amphotericin B, the main ones being hepatics, gastrointestinals and cardiovasculars, such as the prolongation of the QT interval. The pharmacological interactions are common and occur with molecules that use the substrates of the CYP3A4 cytochrome, for example antiretroviral, anti-tuberculous and immunomodulators. The history, pharmacological characteristics and clinical trials are reviewed.
Pharmacokinetics and optimal dosing of piperacillin tazobactam (PT) have not been well studied in pediatric patients undergoing extracorporeal oxygenation membrane (ECMO).

To describe piperacillin plasmatic concentration and evaluate achievement of pharmaccokinetic/pharmacodinamic objective in patients on ECMO support.

We report three pediatric patients admitted to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, treated with PT undergoing ECMO. Plasmatic concentrations of piperacillin were obtained in the middle of the dosing interval using high performance liquid chromatography.

Plasmatic concentrations were 51,7-14,1 and 6,5 μg/mL for patient A, B and C respectively. Only one patient reached adequate concentrations.

These preliminary results suggest that availability of plasmatic concentrations of piperacillin could optimize the achievement of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic objectives in pediatric patients on ECMO support.
These preliminary results suggest that availability of plasmatic concentrations of piperacillin could optimize the achievement of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic objectives in pediatric patients on ECMO support.Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is characterized by respiratory alterations with varied symptoms ranging from mild manifestations to more severe conditions that can cause death. The objective of this narrative review of the literature is to synthesize in a concrete way the information available on potential drugs for the treatment of patients with COVID-19 and to serve as a support guide for health professionals. Taking into account previous experiences for the management of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV in the past, some of these drugs have been used as a starting point to seek the elimination of SARS-CoV-2. This review presents the current state of research on promising drugs as potential treatments for COVID-19 worldwide and is developed in the text on four types of anti-SARS-Cov-2 agents regulators of the immune response, intracellular medium modifiers, viral RNA polymerase inhibitors and protease inhibitors. To date all the drugs described in this review need clinical studies to validate their use. However, until the results of these trials are available, the best available evidence should be used for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.Biliverdin is a bile pigment that has a very low fluorescence quantum yield in solution, but serves as a chromophore in far-red fluorescent proteins being developed for bio-imaging. In this work, excited-state dynamics of biliverdin dimethyl ether (BVE) in solvents were investigated using femtosecond (fs) and picosecond (ps) time-resolved absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. This study is the first fs timescale investigation of BVE in solvents, and therefore revealed numerous dynamics that were not resolved in previous, 200 ps time resolution measurements. Viscosity- and isotope-dependent experiments were performed to identify the contributions of isomerization and proton transfer to the excited-state dynamics. In aprotic solvents, a ∼2 ps non-radiative decay accounts for 95% of the excited-state population loss. In addition, a minor ∼30 ps emissive decay pathway is likely associated with an incomplete isomerization process around the C15[double bond, length as m-dash]C16 double bond that results in a flip of the D-ring. In protic solvents, the dynamics are more complex due to hydrogen bond interactions between solute and solvent. In this case, the ∼2 ps decay pathway is a minor channel (15%), whereas ∼70% of the excited-state population decays through an 800 fs emissive pathway. The ∼30 ps timescale associated with isomerization is also observed in protic solvents. The most significant difference in protic solvents is the presence of a >300 ps timescale in which BVE can decay through an emissive state, in parallel with excited-state proton transfer to the solvent. Interestingly, a small fraction of a luminous species, which we designate lumin-BVE (LBVE), is present in protic solvents.New types of diaryloxystannylenes and -plumbylenes have been synthesized and structurally characterized. Lappert's diaminostannylene and -plumbylene E[N(SiMe3)2]2 (E = Sn, Pb) react with 1,3-diethers of tetrathiacalix[4]arene bearing benzyl or SiiPr3 groups to give the corresponding diaryloxystannylenes and -plumbylenes embedded in thiacalix[4]arene, respectively. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that these tetrylenes exist as monomers in the solid-state. The structure of the thiacalix[4]arene scaffold is highly dependent on the substituents on the phenolic oxygen atoms. The benzyl derivatives adopt apparently C2-symmetric structures with a strong intramolecular SnOBn coordination, whereas the SiiPr3 derivatives have a distorted thiacalix[4]arene skeleton with relatively weak intramolecular EOSiiPr3 and ES interactions. On the basis of the 119Sn1H and 207Pb NMR studies in solution, the tin and lead atoms in the benzyl derivatives are strongly coordinated by the ethereal oxygen atoms, whereas those in the SiiPr3 derivatives are weakly coordinated by the bridging sulfur atoms or ethereal oxygen atoms. The tetrylene complexes of thiacalix[4]arene presented here do not show any isomerization in a temperature range from 20 to 110 °C, which is in sharp contrast to the fact that related diaryloxygermylenes and -stannylenes embedded in calix[4]arene underwent isomerization under heating conditions. This difference could be attributable to the ring size of thiacalix[4]arene larger than that of calix[4]arene.
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