Notes

On the Biopsychosocial Charges associated with Alienated Job.
The present results clearly show that the two CS cell lines are vulnerable to oxidative stress and suggest that both CSA and CSB proteins are involved in the protective response against oxidative injury.
To analyze the factors related to social functioning in school students with high-functioning pervasive developmental disorder (HFPDD), we investigated speech delay in infancy, family history of pervasive developmental disorder (PDD), intelligence quotient (IQ), strength of PDD characteristics, age, age at diagnosis of PDD, and social adaptive functioning in students with HFPDD.

Fifty-eight students with a diagnosis of HFPDD (IQ ≥ 85) were evaluated retrospectively. PDD characteristics were measured by the Pervasive Developmental Disorders Autism Society Japan Rating Scale (PARS), IQ was measured by the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition (WISC-III), and social adaptive functioning was measured by the Children's Global Assessment Scale (CGAS).

There was a negative correlation between age at diagnosis of PDD and the CGAS score. None of the other factors examined had any significant correlation with social functioning in students with HFPDD. Age at diagnosis of PDD whose social functioning was good was significantly low.

School students with HFPDD who are diagnosed with PDD earlier exhibit better social adaptive functioning.
School students with HFPDD who are diagnosed with PDD earlier exhibit better social adaptive functioning.
We studied the effect of lamotrigine (LTG) in children/adults with severe mental retardation and behavioral problems.

We studied 10 cases with the following conditions (1) severe or profound mental retardation, (2) various behavioral problems and troubles in daily life, (3) insufficient effects or side effects from antipsychotic drugs, (4) ongoing epileptic seizures or EEG indications of epilepsy, (5) no previous LTG administration, (6) the ability to provide informed consent. We began administering small doses and increased to a maximum dose of LTG in 50 mg/day. We determined the improvement of behavioral problems based on family and patient interviews or our medical examinations.

Treatment (still ongoing) has resulted in 7 of the 10 cases showing effects of LTG. Also, 2 of the remaining 3 cases have discontinued medication due to evident changes of mood. Eight cases have showed effects with doses of 10 mg or less per day. We encountered one adult subject who seems to have realized the neuropsychological effect on recognition impairment. We speculated that this patient came to read other people's emotional changes and expected to be either criticized or directed.

Small doses of LTG appear to improve behavioral problems in children/adults with severe mental retardation.
Small doses of LTG appear to improve behavioral problems in children/adults with severe mental retardation.
Resilience is defined as the dynamic process of positive adaptation despite the experience of adversity. The aims of this study were to apply the concept of resilience to the mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which we call "parenting resilience" for rearing a child with ASD, and to explain the construct of parenting resilience.

Interviews were conducted with 23 mothers of adults with ASD to collect data on rearing these children from infancy to adulthood. Data were analyzed using a modified grounded-theory approach.

The analytic theme was the thought process from the problems associated with raising developmentally challenged children to the implementation of the appropriate coping method. We proposed a model comprising twelve concepts and five categories, i. e., "a sense of motherhood", "self-efficacy", "knowledge of the child's characteristics", "perceived social support", and "foresight". The model assumes that a sense of motherhood and self-efficacy motivate these mothers to cope with the problems associated with developmentally challenged children, and they derive the way of dealing with it from knowledge of the child's characteristics, perceived social support, and foresight.

We suggest that the construct of parenting resilience for rearing a child with ASD is composed of the proposed categories and concepts.
We suggest that the construct of parenting resilience for rearing a child with ASD is composed of the proposed categories and concepts.
The academic achievement in Japanese and arithmetic of children born with very low birth weights (VLBW) was examined by means of academic skill tests at the age of 10 years.

The participants were 14 VLBW children who could be followed up in our hospital at the age of 10 years, and 6 men and 8 women. They had a mean gestational age of 27 weeks and 6 days and a mean birth weight of 988 g. The tests of the fourth grade of Japanese and arithmetic were performed during the waiting time of outpatient. The results were compared with those in typical development (TD) children.

Concerning the comprehension of Japanese, the correct answer rate as to the problems answered in their own word was 42.9 ± 51.4% in the VLBW children and 69.7 ± 46.3% in the TD children, respectively. The correct answer rate as to composition was 28.6 ± 46.9% in the VLBW children and 72.7 ± 44.9% in the TD children, respectively, that in the VLBW children being obviously low. The correct answer rate as to calculation laws of arithmetic was 55.4 ± 14.7% in the VLBW children and 66.3 ± 15.5% in the TD children, respectively. The sentence resolving as to arithmetic was 42.9 ± 50.4% in the VLBW children and 52.9 ± 50.1% in the TD children, respectively.

The VLBW children had difficulty in Japanese and arithmetic which required the sentence understanding, compared with the TD children.
The VLBW children had difficulty in Japanese and arithmetic which required the sentence understanding, compared with the TD children.
To evaluate the long-term effects and tolerability of levetiracetam (LEV) in refractory epilepsy.

LEV was administered to 76 patients whose seizures were inadequately controlled by their current medications. The patients were followed for a minimum of 18 months but less than 2 years. The efficacy of LEV treatment was assessed retrospectively as the proportion of patients who experienced at least a 50% reduction in the frequency of seizures (50% RR), and adverse events were analyzed.

The 50% RR in all 76 patients was 42%. The 50% RRs in the 54 patients with localization-related epilepsy and in the 20 patients with generalized epilepsy were 42% and 35%, respectively. The patients who responded most remarkably to the therapy, with at least a 75% reduction in the frequency of seizures, were more often those with localization-related epilepsy. Among adverse events, irritability and hyperactivity/impulsivity were observed more frequently in this study than in previous reports. These events were observed predominantly in patients suffering from autism or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) as a comorbidity. γ-GTP values were improved in 14 of 17 patients whose values prior to beginning LEV treatment were higher than the normal range. This beneficial effect presumably resulted from a dose reduction or the discontinuation of other hepatotoxic antiepileptic drugs.

LEV was useful for the treatment of refractory epilepsy, and long-term efficacy was demonstrated. LEV also appeared to be less hepatotoxic. Behavioral changes should be monitored carefully when LEV is administered to patients with concomitant autism or AD/HD.
LEV was useful for the treatment of refractory epilepsy, and long-term efficacy was demonstrated. LEV also appeared to be less hepatotoxic. Behavioral changes should be monitored carefully when LEV is administered to patients with concomitant autism or AD/HD.Several novel therapies for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) have recently been developed. However, steroids are currently the only medication that has been objectively confirmed to have an effect on muscle weakness in DMD patients. Prednisolone has recently been approved for pharmaceutical use in DMD patients in Japan. Moreover, the domestic guidelines for DMD have been published, which may lead to an increase in the use of steroid therapy. SC79 The short-term effects of steroid therapy for improving motor function have already been confirmed. Subsequently, the long-term effects of steroid therapy, such as prolonging the time until loss of walking ability, delay of scoliosis, and preservation of cardio-pulmonary function, have also been recognized. However, the long-term side-effects, such as obesity and bone demineralization, remain a concern. Several clinical studies are currently ongoing, worldwide, to develop an optimal regimen of steroid therapy.The primary cilium is an immotile organelle protruding from the cell surface in almost all vertebrate cells. Many molecules inside the primary cilia coordinately play a pivotal role, so genetic defects of these components result in diverse congenital malformations of the brain, eye, liver, kidney, and skeleton. Hedgehog signaling is a highly conserved pathway regulating morphogenesis in early development and tumorigenesis postnatally. Recently, advanced molecular biology has revealed that components of hedgehog signaling such as PTCH1, SMO, and GLI specifically translocate within the primary cilium upon the ligand binding of the hedgehog protein, and transduce the biological growth signal from the cell surface to the nucleus. Haploinsufficiency of the components in the primary cilium would inhibit the hedgehog pathway, resulting in developmental anomalies like ventral neural tube defects. Since the hedgehog-dependent pathway is critical for vertebrate development, it is crucial to elucidate the functional roles of hedgehog-related proteins in the primary cilium.While both the sciences and the humanities, as currently defined, may be too heterogeneous to be encompassed within a unified historical framework, there is good reason to believe that the history of science and the history of philologies both have much to gain by joining forces. This collaboration has already yielded striking results in the case of the history of science and humanist learning in early modern Europe. This essay argues that first, philology and at least some of the sciences (e.g., astronomy) remained intertwined in consequential ways well into the modern period in Western cultures; and second, widening the scope of inquiry to include other philological traditions in non-Western cultures offers rich possibilities for a comparative history of learned practices. The focus on practices is key; by shifting the emphasis from what is studied to how it is studied, deep commonalities emerge among disciplines--and intellectual traditions--now classified as disparate.While the humanities and the sciences have a closely connected history, there are no general histories that bring the two fields together on an equal footing. This paper argues that there is a level at which some humanistic and scientific disciplines can be brought under a common denominator and compared. This is at the level of underlying methods, especially at the level of formalisms and rule systems used by different disciplines. The essay formally compares linguistics and computer science by noting that the same grammar formalism was used in the 1950s for describing both human and. programming languages. Additionally, it examines the influence of philology on molecular biology, and vice versa, by recognizing that the tree-formalism and rule system used for text reconstruction was also employed in DNA genetics. It also shows that rule systems for source criticism in history are used in forensic science, evidence-based medicine, and jurisprudence. This paper thus opens up a new comparative approach within which the histories of the humanities and the sciences can be examined on a common level.
Homepage: https://www.selleckchem.com/products/sc79.html