Notes

Pythium myriotylum can be restored normally from Pythium soft-rot afflicted ginger rhizomes throughout China.
Furthermore, miR‑374a‑5p directly regulated NFAT5. Interestingly, miR‑374a‑5p also contributed to the transformation of microglia with OGD/R treatment from M1 to M2 and suppressed relative expression levels of inflammatory factors by inhibiting NFAT5 in CHME5 cells. Knockdown of NEAT1 regulated OGD/R injury of CHME5 cells via miR‑374a‑5p/NFAT5 axis to induce the shifting of microglia from M1 to M2 and inhibit inflammatory response, making it a potential target for stroke treatment.Morphine and tramadol are the opioid analgesic drugs acting via activation of μ‑opioid receptors. It is important to understand which mechanism (synergistic or additive anti‑nociceptive activity) induced potent anti‑nociceptive effect by co‑administration of morphine and tramadol. Identification of new strategies that can potentiate analgesic effects of opioids will be good therapeutic approaches for pain relief. To this aim, male mice were cannulated in the left ventricle by a stereotaxic instrument. A tail‑flick test was used to record the pain threshold. The results revealed that intracerebroventricularly injection of morphine induced an anti‑nociceptive effect in non‑sensitized and morphine‑sensitized mice. We found that infusion of tramadol produced an anti‑nociceptive response in non‑sensitized mice, whereas tramadol in doses of 0.5 and 1 μg/mouse induced analgesia in morphine‑sensitized mice. Co‑injection of a non‑effective dose of tramadol or morphine (0.25 μg/mouse) with different doses of morphine or tramadol (0.25, 0.5, and 1 μg/mouse) respectively potentiated the analgesic effect of the previous drug. An isobolographic analysis of data was performed, indicating a synergistic interaction between morphine and tramadol in non‑sensitized and morphine‑sensitized mice. Our data indicated that both morphine and tramadol elicit more anti‑nociceptive response in morphine sensitized mice; there is a synergistic effect between morphine and tramadol upon induction of analgesic effect in non‑sensitized and morphine‑sensitized mice.Disaggregation of amyloid βeta (Aβ) is considered as one of the promising therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's disease. Polyphenols are promising molecules for the disaggregation of Aβ. However, in order to find a potential therapeutic candidate, the in vitro analyses need to be performed on a model that mimics the blood‑brain barrier (BBB) as much as possible. Therefore, we aimed to establish an in vitro BBB representative transwell system by using differentiated human neuroblastoma (SH‑SY5Y), cerebral microvascular endothelial, and astrocyte cells to investigate transition and Aβ disaggregation capacity of punicalagin (PU), ellagic acid (EA), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), gastrodin, and their combinations on the established system. The efficiency of the established transwell systems was evaluated by measuring the transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) and paracellular permeability coefficients (Pe) values. The transition and Aβ disaggregation capacities of the polyphenols were evaluated in the established tri‑culture transwell system based on obtained TEER (50,07 Ω.cm2) and Pe (65x10‑6 cm/s) values. Our results revealed that all polyphenols can successfully pass across the BBB system and disaggregate Aβ. While Aβ disaggregation capacities of the polyphenols were in the range of 30.52-45.01%, the percentages of their combinations were higher (75% for EGCG‑PU (Com 1) and 64% for EGCG‑EA (Com 2)). Consequently, this study provides the first evidence that Com 1 and Com 2 are promising polyphenol combinations in terms of Aβ disaggregation. Besides, the developed tri‑culture transwell system, containing differentiated SH‑SY5Y cells, may provide a new tool that closely mimics the BBB for basic research and testing of candidate agents.Methanolic extract of Morinda citrifolia unripe fruit (MMC) was tested against heroin addiction using a mouse modified runway model of drug‑seeking. Habituation sessions were carried out for 10 min/d for 3 days. On day 0, the total run time of each mouse was noted (the start box to goal box) during the preconditioning test. This was followed by the conditioning session (30 min), in which the animals were conditioned with escalating doses of heroin hydrochloride (5, 10, 20, 40 and 40 mg/kg) for 5 days upon entry into the goal box. On day 6, the run time of each mouse, from start to goal box, was recorded during the post conditioning test. Extinction trials were performed for the next 5 days, in which no drug/saline was injected upon goal box entry. On day 13, a priming dose of heroin (8 mg/kg) was given to reinstate drug seeking in the mice. MMC given as oral doses (1, 3 and 5 g/kg) dose‑dependently prolonged the run time to reach the goal box, indicating MMC attenuated heroin reinforcement. Moreover, MMC (5 g/kg) was found to reverse the heroin‑seeking on extinction trial 1 and 2. MMC was also found to reverse heroin‑induced reinstatement in mice. This study demonstrates that MMC attenuated heroin seeking at different phases of drug self‑administration in a mouse modified runway model.Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disease with a prevalence estimated to reach 115 million by 2050. It is characterized by abnormal extracellular accumulation of amyloid‑beta (Aβ) peptide and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) that result in neuro‑inflammation, synaptic dysfunction, neurotransmitter imbalance, neuronal loss, and dendritic changes. A hypothesis of neurotrophic factor (NTF) involvement in neurodegenerative diseases and their potential as a therapeutic tool has emerged. There are wide information gaps on this topic. However, consistent with this hypothesis, AD may be caused by a deficiency in neurotrophin proteins or receptors expression. In AD brains, an increase in nerve growth factor and a decrease in brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the hippocampus and certain neocortical regions, and a decrease in TrkA in the cortex and nucleus basalis has been observed. Thus, comparative data relating to recent hypotheses addressing NTF content and receptors in experimental animals and human brains, along with their potential roles in the treat ment of AD, are discussed in this review.Store‑operated calcium entry (SOCE) is important for refilling endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ stores and Ca2+ signaling. Extracellular Ca2+ is conducted by highly Ca2+‑selective Orai channels that are activated by stromal interaction molecule proteins (STIMs), which are sensitive ER Ca2+ sensors. We found an approximately five‑fold increase in annexin A3a (anxa3a) expression levels in stim2b knockout zebrafish. The present study investigated whether annexin A3 protein is involved in SOCE. GI254023X We used Ca2+ imaging and electrophysiological recordings to determine the effect of annexin A2, A3, and A6 overexpression on SOCE and Orai-dependent Ca2+ currents (ICRAC) in cultured cells. Annexin A3 increased SOCE amplitude and potentiated Ca2+ ICRAC currents. These results suggest that annexin A3 is a positive modulator of SOCE.
Shoulder arthroplasty is increasingly performed for patients with symptoms of glenohumeral arthritis. Advanced imaging may be used to assess the integrity of the rotator cuff preoperatively because a deficient rotator cuff may be an indication for reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) rather than anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA). However, the cost-effectiveness of advanced imaging in this setting has not been analyzed.

In this cost-effectiveness modeling study of TSA, all patients underwent history and physical examination, radiography, and CT, and we compared (1) no further advanced imaging, (2) selective MRI, (3) MRI for all, (4) selective ultrasound, and (5) ultrasound for all.

A simple chain decision model was constructed with a base-case 65-year-old patient with a 7% probability of a large-to-massive rotator cuff tear and a follow-up of 5 years. Strategies were compared using the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) with a willingness to pay of both USD 50,000 and 100,000 per qualitywever, performing selective MRI to assess rotator cuff integrity to indicate RSA or TSA is cost-effective if surgical preparedness, patient expectations, and implant availability preclude the ability to switch implants intraoperatively.

Level III, economic and decision analysis.
Level III, economic and decision analysis.
The aim of this study was to identify benefits and barriers to using a gastroenterology (GI) dietitian for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) care.

A 25-question survey was electronically distributed to the members of the American College of Gastroenterology. Information pertaining to demographics, barriers, and values to using a GI dietitian for IBS patient care was collected.

Two hundred seventy-nine survey responses were collected. Although 56% of the GI providers feel they are trained to provide nutrition education, almost half (46%) sometimes, rarely, or never provided information to aid menu planning, label reading, or grocery shopping, and 77% spent ≤10 minutes for nutrition counseling. Of those with access to a local dietitian, 91% strongly agreed or agreed that having access to a GI dietitian would help them manage their IBS patient care more effectively, but 42% lack access to a local GI dietitian.

Our survey identified gaps in nutrition-based interventions for IBS care.
Our survey identified gaps in nutrition-based interventions for IBS care.
Many THA simulation models rely on a limited set of preoperative static radiographs to replicate sagittal pelvic tilt during functional positions and to recommend an implant orientation that minimizes the risk of prosthetic impingement. However, possible random changes in pelvic or lower extremity angular motions and the effect of coronal and axial pelvic tilt are not included in these preoperative models.

(1) Can prosthetic impingement occur if the pelvic tilt or lower extremity alignment randomly varies up to ± 5° from what is measured on a single preoperative static radiographic image? (2) Do changes in coronal and axial pelvic tilt or lower extremity alignment angles have a similar effect on the risk of prosthetic impingement?

A de-identified pelvis and lower-body CT image of a male patient without previous THA or lower extremity surgery was used to import the pelvis, femur, and tibia into a verified MATLAB computer model. The motions of standing, pivoting, sitting, sit-to-stand, squatting, and bendng simple and easily available methods for dynamic motion analysis instead of using a few static radiographs for preoperative planning.Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare endocrine malignancy with a poor prognosis. Mitotane, a derivative of the pesticide dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, has been used successfully as first line chemotherapy since the 1960s, if maintained within a narrow therapeutic window. Spironolactone (SPL) is frequently used to treat glucocorticoid excess-associated adverse effects such as severe hypokalemia. Although data of a previous case report indicate a link, valid data regarding SPL use and mitotane plasma concentrations in a human cohort are lacking.This retrospective analysis includes data from 54 mitotane-receiving ACC patients (14 co-administered with SPL) treated between January 2005 and April 2020 (20 male, mean age 54.1 ± 2.2 years). All available mitotane concentrations, treatment doses, tumor stage and evidence of hormone activity were collected. Primary outcomes included mitotane levels and concentration/dose ratios as well as time-in-range (TR) in patients with and without additional SPL treatment. The SPL group was characterized by higher glucocorticoid secretion.
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