Notes

Probiotics: Probable novel therapeutics regarding microbiota-gut-brain axis problems throughout sexual category and also lifespan.
Recipients rated the consultations very highly. Funding success rates were 57% following K-level grant studios and 28% following R-level grant studios. Users of project and career consultations commonly attributed career accomplishments in part to their consultation experiences. The SP Consultation Service is feasible and acceptable and appears to enhance careers of investigators studying special populations.Advances in our understanding of epigenetics present new opportunities to improve children's health through the counseling of parents about epigenetics concepts. However, it is important to first evaluate how parents respond to this type of information and determine the consequences of educating parents about epigenetics. We have taken an initial step toward this goal by assessing parental responses to an epigenetics learning module. Parents (n = 190, 126 mothers) responded to pre- and post-module survey questions. Prior to the module, parents reported that mothers' lifestyles prior to conception were more important for children's health than fathers' lifestyles prior to conception (t = 4.49, df = 316.5, P less then 0.0001). However, after the module, there was no difference between ratings of the importance of mothers' and fathers' preconception lifestyles (t = 1.18, df = 319.8, P = NS). Furthermore, after viewing the module, parents increased their ratings of the importance of both mothers' (t = -5.65, df = 294.8, P less then 0.0001) and father's (t = -9.01, df = 287.2, P less then 0.0001) preconception lifestyles for child health. After viewing the module, most parents reported feelings of guilt and negativity regarding epigenetics (78 and 55%, respectively). When compared with lean parents, parents with overweight more often reported feelings of guilt (χ2 =10.27, P = 0.001). This work represents an important first step in evaluating parental responses to epigenetics concepts.There is a growing recognition that social support can potentially exert consistent or opposing effects in influencing health behaviours. The present paper presents a cross-sectional study, including 2,064 adults from Italy, Spain and Greece, who were participants in a multi-centre randomised controlled trial (C4H study), aiming to examine whether social support is correlated with adherence to a healthy Mediterranean diet and physical activity. Social support data were available for 1,572 participants. The majority of the sample reported emotional support availability (84·5 %), financial support availability (72·6 %) and having one or more close friends (78·2 %). Mediterranean diet adherence was significantly associated with emotional support (P = 0·009) and social network support (P = 0·021). No statistically significant associations were found between participant physical activity and the social support aspects studied. In conclusion, emotional and social network support may be associated with increased adherence to the Mediterranean diet. However, further research is needed to evaluate the role of social support in adherence to healthy Mediterranean diet.There is mounting evidence for the potential for the natural dietary antioxidant and anti-inflammatory amino acid l-Ergothioneine (ERGO) to prevent or mitigate chronic diseases of aging. This has led to the suggestion that it could be considered a 'longevity vitamin.' ERGO is produced in nature only by certain fungi and a few other microbes. Mushrooms are, by far, the leading dietary source of ERGO, but it is found in small amounts throughout the food chain, most likely due to soil-borne fungi passing it on to plants. Because some common agricultural practices can disrupt beneficial fungus-plant root relationships, ERGO levels in foods grown under those conditions could be compromised. Thus, research is needed to further analyse the role agricultural practices play in the availability of ERGO in the human diet and its potential to improve our long-term health.Neonatal mortality rates in Indonesia are still at an alarming rate, with preterm birth as one of the causes. Nutritional deficiencies such as low level of vitamin D is suspected to be the risk factors of preterm birth but still a little knowledge about it. Vitamin D metabolism includes 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3), as the inactive and active form, with the help of 1α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1) enzyme. Our study aims to determine the differences of 25(OH)D3, 1,25(OH)2D3 and CYP27B1 enzyme in term and preterm birth. A cross-sectional study was performed in Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia, in January-June 2017. The blood sample was taken soon after delivery, to examine maternal 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 in serum and tissue placenta, as well as placental CYP27B1 enzyme. Statistical analysis using SPPS version 20 was used to find significances. There were a total of sixty subjects in this study, with term-preterm birth group ratio 11. We found that placental 25(OH)D3 was significantly low (P = 0⋅001), and CYP27B1/25(OH)D3 ratio was high in preterm birth. Also, there were significant negative correlations found in CYP27B1 level and both placental 25(OH)D3 (r 0⋅481, P less then 0⋅001) and 1,25(OH)2D3 (r -0⋅365, P = 0⋅004) levels. Our study concludes that preterm birth showed lower placental 25(OH)D3 status, and higher CYP27B1/25(OH)D3 ratio compared to term pregnancy.The consumer food environment is changing an extensive variety of foods are now available in most markets, offering palatability, convenience and novelty. However, little is known about the availability and advertising of food items within food outlets, especially among developing countries. The present study examined these dimensions in 281 food outlets located around eighteen primary healthcare services in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, in 2013. These establishments were classified as large-chain supermarkets; specialised fruits and vegetable (F&V) markets; and local grocery stores, convenience stores or bakeries. Availability of F&V, availability of ultra-processed foods (UPF) and food advertising were compared across the food outlet categories by applying the χ2 test. Almost 60 % of the food outlets were specialised F&V markets, 21⋅4 % were large-chain supermarkets and 19⋅2 % were local grocery stores, convenience stores or bakeries. Almost 80 % contained at least eight types of fruits and vegetables, and 60 % contained UPF. Food advertisement was absent in 59⋅8 % of the food outlets, 19⋅6 % were advertising only F&V and 17⋅4 % were advertising only UPF. Higher F&V availability was noted inside specialised F&V markets and large-chain supermarkets than local grocery stores, convenience stores or bakeries. Advertising of F&V was more common within specialised F&V markets. However, large-chain supermarkets and local grocery stores, convenience stores or bakeries contained more frequent UPF food advertising isolated 38⋅3 and 35⋅2 %, respectively. Therefore, the availability and advertising of food items within food outlets around primary healthcare services are different according to the type of food outlet.The relationships between the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of the diet and the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have not previously been assessed. The aim of this study was to assess relationships between DTAC and odds of NAFLD in a case-control study. This case-control study was carried out in 158 patients with NAFLD and 357 healthy individuals aged 18-55 years. Dietary data were collected using validated 168-item quantitative food frequency questionnaires. Triacylglycerols (TAGs), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) and fasting blood glucose (FBS) concentrations were assessed using enzymatic methods and commercial kits. The DTAC was calculated based on the oxygen radical absorbance capacity of each food reported by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The mean ± sd (standard deviation) for age and body mass index (BMI) of the study participants were 43⋅9 years ±5⋅9 and had 30⋅5 kg/m2 ±2⋅6. The NAFLD patients included higher BMI and female proportion, compared with the control group. The NAFLD patients included higher smoking rates, biochemical parameters (TG, TC, LDL-C and FBS) and DTAC scores, compared with control groups (P-value less then 0⋅05). However, patients with NAFLD had lower HDL levels and physical activities, compared with the control group. The highest tertile of DTAC showed lower odds of NAFLD, compared with the lowest tertile. This association was significant after adjustment for potential confounders (OR, 0⋅19; 95 % CI, 0⋅9-0⋅34; P for trend 0⋅001). Findings suggest that the promotion of naturally increased antioxidant capacities may help prevent odds of NAFLD.
Smokeless tobacco (ST) use is one of the most important public health problems in Southeast Asia. The use of these substances increases the incidence of some cancers and other diseases. The purpose of this review study was to investigate on ST use in Iran.

A literature search was conducted on PubMed, Google Scholar, and three national databases [Scientific Information Database (SID), IranMedex, and IranDoc] based on the standard search strategy.

Most consumer people lived in Sistan and Baluchestan Province (Zahedan and Chabahar Cities) and Golestan Province, Iran. ST use rates ranged from 11.0% to 45.7% among college students in Sistan and Baluchestan (Zahedan and Chabahar) and Golestan. There are various types of ST consumed in Iran that have been mentioned in various articles, including Pan, Gutka, Nass, Naswar, Biti, and Supari.

Most studies on ST have been conducted in Sistan and Baluchestan and Golestan Provinces and we need more research for other provinces. Consumption by women is a warning and a threat to women's health in the future. Further studies will be needed to find out more precisely the prevalence of consumption in Iran.
Most studies on ST have been conducted in Sistan and Baluchestan and Golestan Provinces and we need more research for other provinces. Consumption by women is a warning and a threat to women's health in the future. Further studies will be needed to find out more precisely the prevalence of consumption in Iran.
Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is one of the most toxic environmental exposures and passive smoking is an important general health problem. Children are the most vulnerable group to ETS exposure. This study aimed to compare the salivary total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and lipid peroxidation levels in passive smoking and nonsmoking adolescents aged 12-15 years.

This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 80 adolescents aged 12-15 years. The case group included passive smokers and the control group comprised nonsmokers. These groups were age- and sex-matched ones. Terfenadine Unstimulated saliva of both groups was collected using the spitting method. Then, the salivary total antioxidant and lipid peroxidation levels were measured using the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assays, respectively. The independent samples t-test was used for data comparison.

There was a significant difference in salivary total antioxidant levels between the case group (51.
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