Notes

Superconductivity in rhombohedral trilayer graphene.
Optimized microneedle patch formulation showed ~ 74% swelling and ~ 85.6% vaccine release within an hour. The microneedles successfully pierced parafilm. Histological examination of microneedle-treated rat skin confirmed disruption of epidermis without damaging the underneath vasculature. A significant increase in IgG levels (~ 21%), IFN-γ levels (~ 30%), CD4+ (~ 41.5%), and CD8+ (~ 48.5%) cell count was observed in tetanus vaccine-loaded microneedle patches treated albino rats with respect to control (untreated) group at 42nd day of immunization. In conclusion, tetanus toxoid-loaded microneedle patches can be considered as an efficient choice for transdermal delivery of vaccine without inducing pain commonly experienced with hypodermic needles.Purpose The systematic review aims to evaluate the effect of light irradiance from light-curing units on microhardness of composite.Materials and methods The protocol was registered in PROSPERO following which primary search was carried out via MedLine, Scopus and Cochrane Library. A customised tool was used to assess the risk of bias. Among the 303 records retrieved from the databases, only ten articles qualified for qualitative synthesis after meeting all the requirements of the eligibility criteria. Covidence software was used to record the decisions. The studies published until 31 March 2021 were taken up for the review. The articles showed a low-to-moderate risk of bias.Results From a total of 303 articles, ten articles were reviewed for full text. Ten in vitro studies were included for qualitative analysis. There was heterogeneity in sample size, curing time and outcome measured. Therefore, meta-analysis was not performed. Out of ten studies, seven studies reported higher microhardness value for higher intensity than lower intensity of light.Conclusion Despite the fact that the findings of the evaluated studies are quite variable, significant scientific evidence revealed that high light intensity can enhance the hardness of resin composites.Parvoviruses possess a single-stranded DNA genome of about 5 kb, which contains two open reading frames (ORFs), one encoding nonstructural (NS) proteins, the other capsid proteins. The NS1 protein contains an N-terminal origin-binding domain, a helicase domain, and a C-terminal transactive domain, and is essential for effective viral replication and production of infectious virus. We first summarize the developments in the structure of NS1 protein, including the original binding domain and the helicase domain. We discuss the role of different DNA substrates in the oligomerization of these two domains of NS1. During the parvovirus life cycle, the NS1 protein is closely related to the viral gene expression, viral replication, and infection. We provide the current understanding of the impact of parvovirus NS1 protein mutations on its biological properties. Overall, in this review, we focus on the structure and function of the parvoviral NS1 protein.
Fear of progression or recurrence is assumed as a rational response to the threat of cancers and types of cancer treatment. However, the elevated levels of fear in cancer patients can become dysfunctional. Therefore, a valid and reliable questionnaire is unquestionably required for this purpose. This study aimed to translate the Fear of Progression Questionnaire and evaluate its psychometric properties for patients with gastrointestinal cancers in Iran.

In this study with a methodological research design, a total number of 430 patients affected with gastrointestinal cancers referring to Northern Iran completed the 43-item Fear of Progression Questionnaire. The psychometric properties of the questionnaire were evaluated, including the face validity and content validity. Then construct validity was assessed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Finally, the reliability was assessed using internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) and stability (intraclass correlation coefficient).

Based on the result of the face and content validity, no items were revised and removed. The five extracted factors included were emotional response, employment, and loss of independence, economy/family, and coping. These factors explained 37% of the total variance of Fear of Progression Questionnaire. Reliability (by Cronbach's alpha) and stability (test retest was evaluated by intraclass correlation coefficient) were more than 0.7.

The study results revealed that the Persian version of the Fear of Progression Questionnaire had acceptable reliability and validity for cancer patients in Iran. Emotional responses explained the most variance of the concept of fear of progression among cancer patients.
The study results revealed that the Persian version of the Fear of Progression Questionnaire had acceptable reliability and validity for cancer patients in Iran. Emotional responses explained the most variance of the concept of fear of progression among cancer patients.
The neoadjuvant rectal cancer (NAR) score is a prognostic tool for locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) treated with total neoadjuvant therapy (TNT). It has been previously validated as an endpoint that predicts survival more accurately than pathologic complete response (pCR) and is the primary endpoint of the ongoing NRG-GI002 Phase II trial. Using the National Cancer Database (NCDB), we aimed to validate the NAR score's ability to predict survival in a large hospital-based dataset.

We queried the NCDB to identify locally advanced rectal cancer patients from 2004 to 2015 that received TNT followed by surgical resection. Overall survival (OS) was calculated using Kaplan-Meier curves evaluating NAR score and pCR separately. A multivariable Cox proportional hazards model was used to identify factors associated with survival. Multivariate regression was used to evaluate characteristics associated with a favorable (< 14.98) NAR score.

From > 264,000 patients diagnosed with rectal adenocarcinoma in the NCDB, our final cohort yielded 209 patients with a median age of 62years. Factors associated with worse survival included age > 62years old (p = 0.04), lower income (p = 0.03), and unfavorable (≥ 14.98) NAR score (p = 0.04). On multivariate regression, tumors with perineural invasion and a higher comorbidity score (> 1) were less likely to have a favorable NAR response (p = 0.01 and p = 0.01). pCR was not associated with improved survival (p = 0.09).

Our study validates the NAR score as a prognostic tool in patients receiving TNT for LARC. Tumors with perineural invasion and patients with a higher comorbidity score had worse NAR scores.
Our study validates the NAR score as a prognostic tool in patients receiving TNT for LARC. Tumors with perineural invasion and patients with a higher comorbidity score had worse NAR scores.Close contact through sexual activity has been associated with the spread of monkeypox virus (MPXV) in the ongoing, global 2022 epidemic. However, it remains unclear whether MPXV replicates in the testes or is transmitted via semen to produce an active infection. We carried out a retrospective analysis of MPXV-infected crab-eating macaque archival tissue samples from acute and convalescent phases of infection of clade I or clade II MPXV using immunostaining and RNA in situ hybridization. We detected MPXV in interstitial cells and seminiferous tubules of testes as well as epididymal lumina, which are the sites of sperm production and maturation. We also detected inflammation and necrosis during the acute phase of the disease by histological analysis. p38 MAPK pathway Finally, we found that MPXV was cleared from most organs during convalescence, including healed skin lesions, but could be detected for up to 37 d post-exposure in the testes of convalescent macaques. Our findings highlight the potential for sexual transmission of MPXV in humans.The past decade has revealed the diversity and ubiquity of archaea in nature, with a growing number of studies highlighting their importance in ecology, biotechnology and even human health. Myriad lineages have been discovered, which expanded the phylogenetic breadth of archaea and revealed their central role in the evolutionary origins of eukaryotes. These discoveries, coupled with advances that enable the culturing and live imaging of archaeal cells under extreme environments, have underpinned a better understanding of their biology. In this Review we focus on the shape, internal organization and surface structures that are characteristic of archaeal cells as well as membrane remodelling, cell growth and division. We also highlight some of the technical challenges faced and discuss how new and improved technologies will help address many of the key unanswered questions.Immunotherapy against amyloid-beta (Aβ) is a promising option for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aβ exists as various species, including monomers, oligomers, protofibrils, and insoluble fibrils in plaques. Oligomers and protofibrils have been shown to be toxic, and removal of these aggregates might represent an effective treatment for AD. We have characterized the binding properties of lecanemab, aducanumab, and gantenerumab to different Aβ species with inhibition ELISA, immunodepletion, and surface plasmon resonance. All three antibodies bound monomers with low affinity. However, lecanemab and aducanumab had very weak binding to monomers, and gantenerumab somewhat stronger binding. Lecanemab was distinctive as it had tenfold stronger binding to protofibrils compared to fibrils. Aducanumab and gantenerumab preferred binding to fibrils over protofibrils. Our results show different binding profiles of lecanemab, aducanumab, and gantenerumab that may explain clinical results observed for these antibodies regarding both efficacy and side effects.For the past two decades, targeted temperature management (TTM) has been a staple in the care of comatose survivors following cardiac arrest. However, recent clinical trials have failed to replicate the benefit seen in earlier studies, bringing into question the very existence of such clinical practice. In this review, we explore clinical scenarios within critical care that appeared to share a similar fate, but in actuality changed the landscape of practice in a modern world. Accordingly, clinicians may apply these lessons to the utilization of TTM among comatose survivors following cardiac arrest, potentially paving way for a re-framing of clinical care amidst an environment where current data appears upside down in comparison to past successes.Trained immunity is a functional state of the innate immune response and is characterized by long-term epigenetic reprogramming of innate immune cells. This concept originated in the field of infectious diseases - training of innate immune cells, such as monocytes, macrophages and/or natural killer cells, by infection or vaccination enhances immune responses against microbial pathogens after restimulation. Although initially reported in circulating monocytes and tissue macrophages (termed peripheral trained immunity), subsequent findings indicate that immune progenitor cells in the bone marrow can also be trained (that is, central trained immunity), which explains the long-term innate immunity-mediated protective effects of vaccination against heterologous infections. Although trained immunity is beneficial against infections, its inappropriate induction by endogenous stimuli can also lead to aberrant inflammation. For example, in systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic sclerosis, trained immunity might contribute to inflammatory activity, which promotes disease progression.
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