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mic losses in the future. Appropriate strategies should be developed to manage this disease.Flammulina filiformis (previously known as F. velutipes) is one of the most frequently cultivated and consumed edible mushrooms in China. In October 2020, brown blotch disease was observed on the pileus of F. filiformis at a mushroom factory in Ganzhou (25.74°N; 114.95°E), Jiangxi, China, with a disease incidence of approximately 6%. Symptoms initially appeared as small, irregular spots on the infected pileus, with color ranging from pale yellow to light brown. Such spots were enlarged and pitted at high relative humidity within several days, and finally caused malformation of the caps and yield reduction. To isolate the causal agent, the blotches on F. filiformis caps were homogenized and diluted with sterilized distilled water, and the resulting suspension (100 μl) was spread onto LB agar plates. After incubation at 28°C for 48 h, three colonial types were obtained (i) yellow, convex, and smooth colonies, (ii) light yellowish, irregular, and rough colonies, and (iii) milky white, glistening, and smooth colones also showed that the strain PF1 well clustered with the type strain of P. dispersa. This species has been reported to cause leaf blight in rice (Toh et al. 2019), soft rot in Agave angustifolia (Palemon et al. 2021), and bulb decay in onion (Chang et al. 2018). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of P. dispersa causing brown blotch diseases on cultivated F. filiformis, which was previously known to be caused by Pseudomonas tolaasii (Lee et al. 2002). Our results also indicate P. dispersa could induce malformation of pileus and lead to a severe yield loss if not controlled effectively. Therefore, it should be considered in future disease management of F. Epertinib supplier filiformis cultivation.Corn silage, made from Zea mays, is a high energy feed that is important for feeding dairy cows. Plant diseases, such as those caused by Fusarium graminearum , can decrease silage corn yields and quality. Fusarium graminearum (teleomorph Gibberella zeae) is an ascomycete fungus that causes Gibberella ear and stalk rot in corn. Fusarium graminearum produces deoxynivalenol (DON), a secondary metabolite toxic to humans and animals. An understanding of the distribution of DON and F. graminearum throughout the corn plant is important for determining the quality of corn silage. A partitioned sample experiment that included two brown-midrib silage hybrids and three fungicide treatments was conducted in research plots located in Arlington, Wisconsin in 2018 and 2019. At harvest, stalk and ear parts were physically separated, dried, and ground for analysis. DON concentration (ppm) was determined using ELISA and F. graminearum DNA concentration (pg/ng) was determined using qPCR. Both DON and F. graminearum DNA were detected in all samples, demonstrating accumulation of the fungus in both stalks and ears of the plant. In 2018, DON contamination was as high as 30 ppm and varied drastically between stalks and ears. In 2019, DON concentrations were much lower ( less then 5ppm), but were consistently higher in stalk samples than ear samples. Across all samples DON concentrations and F. graminearum accumulation were highly correlated within the separated stalk (r=0.78) and ear portions (r=0.87) but were not correlated between ears and stalks. Depending on the weather and planting conditions in a given year, either stalk infections or ear infections may occur by F. graminearum leading to subsequent DON increases in those respective parts that are independent of each other.Pineapple (Ananas comosus Merr.) is an economically important tropical fruit crop. In China, it is primarily distributed in tropical and subtropical southern regions, including Leizhou Peninsula (Guangdong province) and Hainan province. Other pineapple culturing areas also include Fujian, Guangxi, Yunnan, and Taiwan provinces.A pineapple leaf spot disease was observed in Leizhou Peninsula (N20°47'52″,E 110°5'7″) from July to August in 2019-2020, with a natural incidence of 10 to 15%. In the initial infection stage, grayish or yellowish white spots emerged on the leaf surfaces with dimensions 1.25-1.75 × 0.8-1.0 cm. The leaf spots also had distinctive light brown-to-reddish brown banding pattern on the edges. At the late stage of infection, the leaves with the spots withered and died, seriously affecting the plant growth. To isolate the pathogen, leaf pieces 5 mm in diameter were cut from the decaying edges. They were surface-sterilized with 75% ethanol solution for 30 s, washed with 0.1% sodium hypochlorite sut caused early senescence of the inflorescence after being dropped with 200 µl of a 104 conidia/ml solution, although it did not affect subsequent flowering. P. oxalicum has been reported to cause blue mold disease in different plants (Paul et al. 2018; Liu et al. 2019; Tang et al. 2020; Picos-Munoz et al. 2011). However, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of pineapple leaf spot disease caused by P. oxalicum globally, and the disease has become a potential threat to the growth and production of pineapple in China.During May 2021, necrosis of young twigs and flower buds were observed on two-year-old highbush blueberry plants (Vaccinium corymbosum) cv. Draper, in a 1 hectare orchard in the municipality of Šabac, Serbia. Disease symptoms included reddish-brown to black irregularly shaped cankers developing on the shoot tips that extended downwards along the branches. In some plants, cankers surrounded the stem, causing shoot-tip dieback and necrosis of the buds. Beneath the bark, a distinct margin between diseased and healthy tissue was visible. A few weeks before symptoms development, seven freezing events with temperature from -3°C to -1°C, and five near-freezing temperatures were recorded in this area, leading to the hypothesis that symptoms were associated to the presence of ice nucleating bacteria belonging to Pseudomonas syringae. The observed disease incidence was 80%, while 10% of the plants died. Bacteria were isolated from symptomatic tissue on King's medium B (KB). After 2 to 3 days of incubation at 27°C, predRes 5332. Sarkar, S. F., and Guttman, D. S. 2004. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 701999. https//doi.org/10.1128 Sorensen, K. N., et al. 1998. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64226.Rust, putatively caused by Puccinia emaculata, is a widespread and potentially damaging disease of switchgrass, a crop produced as feedstock for livestock and bioenergy. Azoxystrobin, chlorothalonil, and myclobutanil were applied at 1-, 2-, 3-, or 4-wk intervals for 12 to 14 wks to the vegetatively propagated switchgrass cultivar 'Cloud Nine' to assess fungicide selection and application interval for the control of rust as well as the impact of this disease on switchgrass biomass yield. While rust severity significantly differed among study years, azoxystrobin and myclobutanil were often equally and more effective than chlorothalonil at controlling rust, with superior disease control coming at the shorter compared to extended application intervals. Year, product, application interval, and product × interval significantly impacted dry biomass yield, which was greatest in 2016 and lowest in 2014. Dry biomass yield protection was significantly better with azoxystrobin and myclobutanil applications than with chlorothalonil or no fungicide. Linear regression models with the final disease rating, as well as with AUDPC in each year, were significant but coefficients of determination were low to moderate (0.21 80% by 1 Sept in each of four study years, biomass yield may be reduced by 24 to 40% if rust problems are not managed in switchgrass crops.Nitrogen in different chemical forms is critical for metabolic alterations in Monascus strains and associated pigment diversity. In this study, we observed that ammonium-form nitrogen was superior in promoting the biosynthesis of Monascus pigments (MPs) when compared with nitrate and organic forms. Moreover, with any nitrogen source, the production of yellow and orange pigments was highly synchronized but distantly related to red pigments. However, transcriptional analyses of MP gene clusters suggested a low contribution to MP accumulation, suggesting that MP-limiting factors were located outside the gene cluster. Our metabolomic analyses demonstrated that red pigment biosynthesis was closely related to intracellular amino acids, whereas orange and yellow pigments were associated with nucleotides. In addition, weighted gene coexpression network analyses (WGCNA) based on transcriptomic data showed that multiple primary metabolic pathways were closely related to red pigment production, while several secondary ption, which will facilitate the rational engineering and optimization of MP production in the future.Staphylococcus aureus sequence type (ST) 72, the predominant community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) lineage in South Korea, has emerged as a major cause of bloodstream infection in hospital settings. However, relatively little information is available regarding the genomic characteristics and dissemination of ST72. Here, we characterized the whole-genome sequence of 24 ST72 isolates from China, along with 83 ST72 genomes from global sources. Of these 107 ST72 isolates, 63 were MRSA and 44 were methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA). Phylogenetic analysis revealed four distinct clades (A, B, C, and D), of which clade D contained only MSSA isolates. By characterizing the evolutionary dynamics of the ST72 lineage, we found that the MRSA from China might not have developed from the MSSA in China. Furthermore, we observed both international transmission of ST72 isolates and interregional transmission within China. The distributions of the SCCmec and spa types of isolates diffethat the MSSA lineage in China might have evolved independently from the MRSA isolates from China, and that ST72 isolates have the potential to undergo both international transmission and interregional transmission within China. The diversity of isolates correlated with distinct acquisitions of SCCmec elements, antibiotic resistance genes, virulence genes, and mobile genetic elements. The comprehensive information on the ST72 lineage emerging from this study will enable improved therapeutic approaches and rapid molecular diagnosis.The small genomes of most viruses make it difficult to fully capture viral diversity in metagenomes dominated by DNA from cellular organisms. Viral size fraction metagenomics (viromics) protocols facilitate the enrichment of viral DNA from environmental samples, and these protocols typically include DNase treatment of the post-0.2-μm-filtered viromic fraction to remove contaminating free DNA prior to virion lysis. However, DNase may also remove desirable viral genomic DNA (e.g., contained in virions compromised due to frozen storage or laboratory processing), suggesting that DNase-untreated viromes might be useful in some cases. In order to understand how virome preparation with and without DNase treatment influences the resultant data, here, we compared 15 soil viromes (7 DNase treated and 8 untreated) from 8 samples collected from agricultural fields prior to tomato planting. DNase-treated viromes yielded significantly more assembled viral contigs, contained significantly less nonviral microbial DNA, and recovered more viral populations (viral operational taxonomic units [vOTUs]) through read mapping.
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