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More importantly, the impacts of these influencing factors on CEs varied across cities, exhibiting obvious spatial heterogeneity. According to these findings, local governments should strengthen coordination and cooperation with their surrounding cities to promote regional synergistic action on emission reduction. In addition, policymakers should also design differentiated abatement policies based on regional characteristics and differences instead of applying similar policies to all cities.Enteric viruses exposed to water pose a huge threat to global public health and can lead to waterborne disease outbreaks. APX2009 in vivo A sudden increase in enteric viruses in some water matrices also underpins the prevalence of corresponding waterborne diseases in communities over the same time period. However, few efforts have been focused on water matrices whose viral pollution may best reflect the clinical prevalence in communities. Here, a one-year surveillance of human enteric viruses including Enteroviruses (EnVs), Rotaviruses (HRVs), Astroviruses (AstVs), Noroviruses GII (HuNoVsGII) and Mastadenoviruses (HAdVs) in four representative water matrices an urban river (UR) running through city, effluent from Wastewater Treatment Plant (EW), raw water for Urban Water Treatment Plant (RW), and tap water (TW) were performed by qPCR. The relationship between the virus detection frequency at each site and their prevalence in clinical PCR assay was further analyzed. We found that the detection frequencies of HRVs, HuNoVsGII, and AstVs in stools peaked in winter, while EnVs peaked in autumn. No EnVs occurred in EW, RW, or TW, but HuNoVsGII and AstVs occurred intensively in winter. For UR, all types of enteric viruses could be detected and the levels of acute gastroenteritis viruses (HRVs, HuNoVsGII, AstVs, and HAdVs) were highest in autumn or winter, whereas EnVs peaked in summer. In terms of correlation analyses, only HRVs and HuNoVsGII levels in UR showed a strong positive correlation with their prevalence in clinical stool samples. This study indicated that HRVs and HuNoVsGII levels in URs may mirror the local virus prevalence, thereby implying the possibility of revealing their local epidemiology by monitoring them in the URs.This study aims to convert oil extracted food waste (OEFW) into hydrochar as potential solid fuel via hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) process. The effect of HTC temperature and residence time on the physicochemical characteristic, combustion behavior, and the removal behavior of sodium and potassium were evaluated. The raw OEFW material was successfully converted into energy densified hydrochar with higher high heating value (HHV) (21.13-24.07 MJ/kg) and higher fuel ratio (0.112-0.146). In addition, carbon content in hydrochar increased to 46.92-51.82% after HTC at various operating conditions. Compared with OEFW, the hydrochar had more stable and longer combustion process with the higher ignition temperature and burnout temperature. Besides, the HTC process showed high removal rates of sodium and potassium. It was found that the HTC temperature resulted in a significant reduction of sodium and potassium in hydrochar as compared to the residence time. The highest removal rate of sodium (70.98%) and potassium (84.05%) was obtained. Overall, the results show that the HTC is a promising alternative for conventional technologies (e.g., incineration and landfill) for treatment and energy conversion of OEFW.Catering oil fumes are a major hazard to human health. In particular, the typical Chinese cooking style is characterised by a high temperature frying process that produces high levels of cooking oil fumes. However, limited data relating to this sector mean that national emission inventory data specific to the catering service industry do not exist. To address above deficiency and thus to establish the inventory of a city, or a province, or even a country, a door-to-door survey campaign was launched in the Chinese cities of Heze and Linfen to determine the structure of local catering industries. Data revealed that the number of catering businesses per 104 people was 17 ± 4. Of these, 3.0 ± 1.4, 15.0 ± 1.4, and 82.0 ± 0.0% were classified as large, medium, and small enterprises, respectively. Furthermore, the installation rates of fume purifiers were 74 ± 13, 66 ± 9, and 51 ± 14% for large, medium, and small enterprises, respectively, with net removal efficiencies of 63 ± 11, 50 ± 7, and 31 ± 8%, respectively. service businesses in a region.Residues from hydrogen sulfide (H2S) removal in biogas filters contain sulfur (S) in various forms (sulfate, sulfide, elemental S) that, if properly stored, is potentially valuable as crop fertilizer. We investigated 1) the turnover of the S compounds from filter materials during storage in untreated and digested cattle manure (CM), and 2) the S fertilizer replacement value (SFRV) of the filter materials applied in pure form or mixed manure with and without storage. The S filter materials from four H2S removal processes (biological and physical-chemical) containing mostly sulfate and/or elemental S were added to untreated CM or digested CM and stored at 10 °C for six months. Afterwards, a pot experiment was established to assess the S availability in an oil-seed rape (Brassica napus) crop. Microbial reduction of sulfate into sulfide took place rapidly after 69 days storage of untreated CM. A lower reduction rate was observed in digested CM mixtures. After six months, 68% and 32% of the initial sulfate content were still present in mixtures containing the S filter materials from biological desulfurization with digested CM and untreated CM, respectively. Sulfate reduction was inhibited for 120 days when digested CM was mixed with S saturated solution from an ash filter, probably due to high pH (≥8.2) and redox potential (>-100 mV) levels. Oppositely, elemental S was immediately and simultaneously both reduced and oxidized. Relatively low losses of total S were observed during the present storage conditions. Despite S turnover, the SFRV of CM and digested CM significantly increased from 15-19% (of total S applied) to 56-90% when S filter materials were added. The storage of S filter materials in digested manure reduced the risk of sulfide production and potential S volatilization. The S filter materials were a valuable source of plant-available S.
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