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The importance of gut microbes to human health has gradually attracted attention. With the use of animal models, it has been revealed that maternal microbes during pregnancy could influence their children's health outcomes through shaping their microbial composition and regulating the development of their metabolic and immune system. However, the physiological mechanism of the human body is more complex and is affected by the interaction of multiple factors. The research results obtained from animal models are often inconsistent with human studies. At present, the influence of maternal intestinal microbes during pregnancy on the microbial colonization in their offspring and on a series of children's health outcomes is still unclear. Establishing a sub-cohort to detect the microbiome of the women across pregnancy and of their offspring, and further to integrate with variety of environmental and behavioral exposures can better provide reliable support for the research on the mechanism of children's health and diseases. This paper briefly introduces the research objectives, content, progress, strength and limitations of the sub-cohort study.Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a representative disease of children's neurodevelopmental disorders, brings huge pressure and financial burden to families and society. It is of great significance to explore its etiology and pathogenesis. Therefore, we established an ASD Cohort based on the existing China National Birth Cohort (CNBC), which applied parallel design to recruit and follow up families who achieved pregnancy after receiving assisted reproductive technologies (ART) and families with spontaneous conception. The main aims of this study are to compare the incidence of ASD among children born after ART with those born under spontaneous pregnancy, and to evaluate the impact of ART on the neurobehavioral development of offspring. Additionally, with a variety of clinical and behavioral related information collected during pregnancy and at early life of offspring, we are able to investigate the risk factors associated with ASD comprehensively. Venetoclax cost This article briefly introduces the objectives, contents, preliminary progress, strength and limitations, as well as further prospects of the ASD cohort study, mainly focusing on the overall design and current progress.Birth cohort is an important observational study which can continuously and dynamically collect the exposure changes and health outcomes from gametophyte development to adolescence and even old age. However, because of its complex design and difficult implementation, how to construct birth cohort with high quality and high efficiency is the main difficulty faced by epidemiologists at home and abroad. In 2016, China National Birth Cohort was officially launched. The network and information technology were used to explore, and a set of "cloud-based information platform" was established to support this queue construction, containing 16 units in China. After four years of development, the platform has formed a complete set of programs about the construction of cohort information platform, which including recruitment and follow-up management of participants, real-time data interaction, queue quality control, multi-level authority management and function division. The relevant design framework and functional elements provide the references to the future information construction of large-scale birth cohort and even population-based research in China.Objective To explore the effects of environmental, genetic factors as well as the interactions in early life on the short-term and long-term health of offspring and to systematically evaluate the pregnancy outcomes and health of offspring after birth between families with assisted reproductive technology (ART) conception and families with spontaneous conception. Methods The China National Birth Cohort (CNBC), a multicenter prospective birth cohort study, includes both families with ART conception and families with spontaneous conception. Since 2016, CNBC has recruited families from 24 hospitals located in 12 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions throughout China. Information and biospecimens were collected before ART treatment, embryo transfer, at early, second, third trimester and delivery, and at 42 days, 6, 12 and 36 months after birth. Results By June 2020, CNBC had included 27 044 families with ART conception and 29 589 families with spontaneous conception. The majority of the participants areer birth.Birth cohort is an effective method to explore the relationship between various prepregnant and pregnant exposures and the health of fetuses, infants and young children. It is a long construction period to build a birth cohort and the quality of research may be affected by many factors. This paper reviews the quality assurance and quality control measures in the process of China National Birth Cohort (CNBC), and summarizes the construction experience. We aim to provide experience for related cohort studies, which could improve the quality of cohort studies through removing the impact of related factors. CNBC adopted a series of measures to ensure the quality of research in the top-level design of quality assurance, including screening research center, developing member management system, formulating standard operating procedures and training staff by it. In terms of quality control, it includes real-time, timely and timing quality control for the process of data generation, full-cycle quality control for biological sample collection, processing, storage and comprehensive three-dimensional quality control for staff training, supervision and quantitative assessment.With the rapid changes in lifestyle, natural and social environment, the reproductive health status of couples in childbearing age continues to decline, and long-term outcomes of the rapidly increasing offspring conceived by assisted reproductive technology (ART) needs to be evaluated urgently. Therefore, the focus of research now needs to be extended from death and severe diseases to full life cycle and full disease spectrum. In order to meet the demand for such research, we launched the China National Birth Cohort (CNBC) study, an ongoing prospective and longitudinal study aiming to recruit 30 000 families underwent ART and 30 000 families with spontaneous pregnancies. Long-term follow-up programs will be conducted for both spouses and their offspring. Data of couples and their offspring, such as environmental exposure, reproductive history, psychological and behavioral status, will be collected during follow-up. Peripheral blood, urine, umbilical blood, follicular fluid, semen were also collected at different follow-up nodes. Based on high-quality data and biological samples, CNBC will play an extremely important supporting role and have a far-reaching impact on maternal and children's health care and reproductive health in China. This paper is exactly a brief introduction to the construction and basic design of CNBC.Objective To understand the basic qualities, practitioners will and related influences, of undergraduate, master, and doctoral students majoring in public health (hereinafter referred to as public health students), and explore the influencing factors of practitioners will. Methods Through the online questionnaire survey, we collected information on the basic qualities of the public health students, their practitioners will and related influencing factors, and their opinions on the current state of public health in China. χ2 test and multi-factor logistic regression were used to analyze the influencing factors of public health students' willingness to engage in public health related work, and word frequency analysis was used to conduct a descriptive analysis of public health students' views on public health in China. Results A total of 2 081 pieces of valid information were collected, of which 86.54% (1 801/2 081) of the students in the school chose to engage in public health related work in the future. For public health students, the higher the target after-tax monthly income (OR=0.345, 95%CI 0.158-0.751), the lower the willingness to engage in public health related work in the future; Very satisfied with school employment guidance work (OR=4.072, 95%CI 1.234-13.436) compared with very dissatisfied, the willingness to engage in public health related work in the future is higher. Conclusion The willingness of students in public health related majors to engage in public health related majors in China is mainly affected by three factors payment levels, employment guidance and professional post recognition. It is recommended to appropriately raise the salaries of public health related positions. Strengthening school employment guidance training and professional identity training is conducive to enhancing the willingness of public health students to engage in relevant work in their profession.Objective To investigate public health-related professions' recruit requirements and understand the training scheme for preventive medicine-majored undergraduates in colleges and universities in China. Methods An online questionnaire was adopted to collect data on the recruit requirements of public health-related professions. Information on the core courses, internship, and practical training for preventive medicine-majored undergraduates was collected through universities' official websites. Results The employers had a high requirement for education and specific majors. Also, administration professions attached importance to comprehensive quality, while professional positions to professional skills. 47.2% (67/142) employers made Talent Introduction Programs for the next three years. 20.0% (3/15) universities offered all the core courses required by national standards. For internship and practical training, both clinical practice and professional practice's median durations were 16 and 11 weeks, respectively. Conclusion Employers showed significant demand for public health graduates and having a high requirement for personal ability and comprehensive quality. The universities should improve the setting of core courses and strengthen students' practical ability and overall quality.Objective To investigate the serotypes and antimicrobial resistance of seven invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) isolates. Methods For 7 iNTS strains collected, serotype identification, antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole genome sequencing were performed. We identified, annotated and analyzed the serotypes, MLST types, and antimicrobial resistance genes. Results Among the 7 tested iNTS isolates, we found one Salmonella Typhimurium strain and two Salmonella Ⅰ 4, [5], 12 i- strains whose MLST types were ST34, two Salmonella Enteritidis strains, one Salmonella Corvallis strain and one strain of unknown serotype with the antigenic formulae of Ⅰ 4, [5], 12 d- (ST279 type). Six of seven strains were monophasic and the deletion or pseudogenization of Salmonella Flagellum gene might contribute to the enhancement of Salmonella invasiveness. None was found to be resistant to tigarcycline, aztreonam, amikacin, cephalosporins and carbapenem and one Salmonella Typhimurium strain was found to be co-resistant to eight classes of antimicrobials at the same time.
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