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Comprehending the procedure involving commonly developing COVID-19-associated common lesions.
Salmonella is one of the leading bacterial pathogens of acute diarrhea as well as foodborne outbreaks. Salmonellosis can occur as gastroenteritis with the development of complications and generalization of infection, also the extra intestinal diseases that require antibiotic therapy are often registered. Currently, the effectiveness of many antibiotics is reduced due to the development of resistance in Salmonella. National Salmonella surveillance systems monitor Salmonella resistance to «critically important for medicine» antibiotics (extended-spectrum cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones), as well as multidrug resistance. Quinoloneresistant Salmonella is considered as a high-priority resitant pathogen by the World Health Organization. The article describes the current situation on salmonellosis in the world. Foreign and Russian current data about the leading Salmonella serotypes in different regions of the world are presented. The prevalence of clinically significant resistance depending of the Salmonella serotypes in countries with state monitoring systems is shown. The authors described the leading molecular resistance mechanisms (chromosomal and plasmid mediated) and showed their prevalence in different Salmonella serotypes. The article gives the information about Salmonella successful international multidrug resistant clones with specific resistance phenotypes and genotypes. The authors describe the molecular methods for detection of resistance mechanisms, and show the necessity and significance of antimicrobial susceptibility monitoring in the epidemiological Salmonella surveillance.Metabolic syndrome (MS) is considered an age-associated pathology, often combined with hypertension (AH) and has a high prevalence in the elderly. However, a comparative study of the broad spectrum of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory interleukins with an assessment of their informative value in elderly patients WITH MS with AH was not carried out. The aim of the study was to improve the diagnosis of MS with hypertension in elderly patients based on the analysis of the informativity of serum interleukins.. The content of interleukins in serum was studied in 86 patients with MS and AH aged 60-75 years and 35 persons without MS and AH, comparable in age and sex. It was found that for the diagnosis of S in combination with AH as the leading laboratory markers of systemic immunity it is necessary to use highly informative IL-8, IL-1B, IL-4 and IL-10. Other serum interleukins (Il-6, IL-2, TNF-α, interferon-ɣ, interferon-α and IL-18) can be considered as additional markers in the diagnosis of MS with hypertension in the elderly.A lot of research nowadays is dedicated to the problem of habitual pregnancy loss, and this attention is dictated by the continued high frequency of this condition. The pathogenesis of habitual pregnancy loss is very complicated and includes many factors, at present especially close attention is paid to immune aspects. It is considered, that cytokine imbalance might play a key role in the pathogenesis of habitual pregnancy loss. Examination of 38 pregnant women was carried out at 5-12 weeks of gestation. The main group consisted of 17 women with habitual miscarriage and the threat of interruption at the time of the examination, the control group consisted of 21 women with uncomplicated pregnancy and a favorable obstetric history. As the material for investigation peripheral blood was used. Serum level of a complex of cytokines IL-β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-18, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-27, IFNγ, TNFα, GM-CSF was assessed on the Luminex 200 multiplex fluorescence analyzer (Luminex Corporation, USA). The significant differences in the serum level of IL-1β, IL-22, IL-23 и IL-27 were observed between the groups, in the main group their level was higher comparing to that of healthy pregnant women. When evaluating the cytokines serum level, fairly high values of IL-27 (in 25%of cases) (p0,05). The simultaneous increase in the serum level of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines observed in our study can be explained by both an increase in the immune response and triggering of fetoprotection mechanisms. Inadequate cytokine regulation may be a prerequisite for the development of conditions for the development of a threat of termination of a real pregnancy in women with habitual miscarriage.To determine the new criteria for predicting the outcome of pregnancy in women with habitual abortion based on features of differentiation of naive T cells and memory cells in a population of T-helper (CD4+) and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD8+). The study involved 61 women with threatened and habitual abortion in the first trimester of gestation. Depending on the outcome of pregnancy was allocated to 3 groups I went to 39 women whose pregnancy ended in timely delivery; in II - 10 women whose pregnancies ended in premature birth; in III - 11 patients in whom there was a spontaneous miscarriage. Using three-color flow cytometry as peripheral venous blood in populations of CD8+ and CD4+ determined by the content Tn, Tcm, Tem and Temra cells. Statistical analysis was carried out in the program «MicrosoftOffice 2010», «Statistica for Windows 6.0» and MedCalc». When conducting a retrospective assessment, it was found that in the group of patients whose pregnancy ended in preterm delivery, the percentage of CD4+ Tem memory cells was significantly higher and CD4+ Tn lower than in the subgroup with timely delivery (p = 0.013 and p = 0.025, respectively ) In patients with early spontaneous miscarriage, the level of CD8+ Tn significantly decreased against the background of the growth of CD8+ Tem memory cells compared with the same parameters in patients with timely delivery (p = 0.040 and p = 0.014, respectively). learn more Prediction of spontaneous abortion is possible up to CD4+ Tn equal to 34.2% or less (sensitivity - 100.0%, specificity - 56.4%, accuracy - 63.8%), premature birth - if the CD4+ Tn equal to 35, 2% or less (sensitivity - 66.7%, specificity - 74.4% accuracy - 72.9%). Thus, the new criteria will allow additional time to identify risk and assign adequate treatment aimed at prolonging the desired pregnancy.
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