Notes

Clinical profile of malaria in a tertiary treatment training healthcare facility within Upper India.
It allowed obtaining the 72% of PLA2 in the top phase with a purification factor of 2 and the 82% of P at the bottom phase simultaneously. A further adsorption batch step with DEAE-cellulose was used to remove satisfactorily the PEG from the top phase and recover the active PLA2. The proposed methodology is simple, inexpensive, and only requires professionals trained in handling basic laboratory equipment. It could be easily adoptable by developing countries in which the snakebite accidents cause considerable morbidity and mortality.Genomic instability is a fundamental feature of human cancer often resulting from impaired genome maintenance. In prostate cancer, structural genomic rearrangements are a common mechanism driving tumorigenesis. However, somatic alterations predisposing to chromosomal rearrangements in prostate cancer remain largely undefined. Here, we show that SPOP, the most commonly mutated gene in primary prostate cancer modulates DNA double strand break (DSB) repair, and that SPOP mutation is associated with genomic instability. In vivo, SPOP mutation results in a transcriptional response consistent with BRCA1 inactivation resulting in impaired homology-directed repair (HDR) of DSB. Furthermore, we found that SPOP mutation sensitizes to DNA damaging therapeutic agents such as PARP inhibitors. These results implicate SPOP as a novel participant in DSB repair, suggest that SPOP mutation drives prostate tumorigenesis in part through genomic instability, and indicate that mutant SPOP may increase response to DNA-damaging therapeutics.Pharmacological studies in mammals suggest that norepinephrine (NE) plays an important role in promoting arousal. However, the role of endogenous NE is unclear, with contradicting reports concerning the sleep phenotypes of mice lacking NE due to mutation of dopamine β-hydroxylase (dbh). To investigate NE function in an alternative vertebrate model, we generated dbh mutant zebrafish. In contrast to mice, these animals exhibit dramatically increased sleep. Surprisingly, despite an increase in sleep, dbh mutant zebrafish have a reduced arousal threshold. These phenotypes are also observed in zebrafish treated with small molecules that inhibit NE signaling, suggesting that they are caused by the lack of NE. Using genetic overexpression of hypocretin (Hcrt) and optogenetic activation of hcrt-expressing neurons, we also find that NE is important for Hcrt-induced arousal. These results establish a role for endogenous NE in promoting arousal and indicate that NE is a critical downstream effector of Hcrt neurons.Liver ischemia reperfusion injury is mediated by a complex system of signaling cascades and inflammatory response resulting in organ damage. Selectins are a group of cell adhesion glycoproteins that play a key role in the initial immunological response. L-selectins, found on leukocytes, initiate the original adhesion and rolling phase of leukocyte extravasation upon liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs). P-selectins, found on platelets and tissue-specific endothelial cells, further increases leukocyte-endothelial adhesion and rolling. P-selectin-ligand binding also initiates intracellular signals that produce adhesion molecules to start firm adhesion and increase local chemokine production. L-selectin-ligand binding on the leukocytes increases adhesion molecule expression and chemokines, but also initiate changes in intracellular structural actin. E-selectin expression occurs with the presence of TNF-α and/or IL-1β. E-selectin-ligand binding decreases leukocyte rolling velocity and increases adhesion molecules. Together, these glycoproteins transition the leukocyte response from original margination and rolling to firm adhesion and eventually migration.
Andalusian horses have been proposed as a breed predisposed to equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) phenotype [1] because they are prone to exhibiting regional, generalised adiposity and tendency to laminitis [2]. Insulin dysregulation represents the main pathophysiological cause for all the features of EMS, however there are no epidemiological studies in this breed.

To assess insulin dysregulation through insulin proxies in Andalusian horses with different levels of obesity.

Cross-sectional study.

One hundred and sixty-four Andalusians (78 stallions and 86 mares, 2-15 years) were scored for overall (body condition score, BCS) and neck (cresty neck score, CNS) adiposity. Grain concentrate was withheld for 12 h before sampling. Blood samples were collected between 06.00-10.00 h for basal glucose, insulin concentrations, RISQI and MIRG proxies calculation. Conditions were defined as obese horses (Ob), BCS ≥ 7; cresty neck horses (CN), CNS ≥ 3; hyperinsulinaemia, insulin ≥20 μu/ml; low insulin sensitivity, RIthical animal research Ethical University Committee approved all the procedures and owner informed consent was obtained.

None. Competing interests None declared.
None. Competing interests None declared.
A quantifiable measure of muscle activity related to the cervical spine may provide further understanding and evidence based support for chiropractic techniques. Surface electromyography (sEMG) is a noninvasive method of measuring muscle activity of the splenius muscle when the horse is at rest.

To determine if there is a relationship between objective measurable muscle parameters and misalignments and muscle tension in the equine cervical spine.

Controlled paired randomised study.

Privately owned horses (n = 14), of mixed sex, age and mean height 157.8 cm were selected and assigned a group by matching work, management regime, age, sex and breed. The treatment group (n = 7) underwent manual chiropractic treatment following palpation. EGFR assay The control group underwent palpation only. A Delsys 4 sensor system was used for data collection. Probes were positioned on the muscle halfway between C1/C2 joint and the crest on the left and right sides, between the tendon insertion and the motor point to maximise signstudy.

McTimoney College of Chiropractic assisted with the hiring of the equipment. Competing interests None declared.
McTimoney College of Chiropractic assisted with the hiring of the equipment. Competing interests None declared.
The birthweight of Thoroughbred foals has increased in recent years. It is unknown whether this is associated with increased broodmare obesity or endocrine dysfunction.

To determine insulin, leptin and triglyceride concentrations in obese and non-obese Thoroughbred mares throughout gestation and to investigate their association with foal birthweight.

Prospective, cohort study.

Fifty-seven pregnant Thoroughbred mares were included in the study. From 40 days post-breeding, body condition score (BCS), weight and venous blood samples were obtained every 60 days throughout gestation. Feed was withheld for 6 h before blood sampling. Serum/plasma insulin, leptin and triglyceride concentrations were measured using validated/standard methods. Foal birthweight was recorded. Association of hormone or triglyceride concentration with time, BCS and birthweight were analysed using a linear mixed effects model. A Pearson correlation co-efficient was calculated between hormone or triglyceride concentration, BCS and bi population. Increased leptin concentration in early and late gestation was associated with decreased foal birthweight and may be useful to predict foal birthweight. Ethical animal research Informed client consent was obtained for all animals used in the study.

Private donor. Competing interests None declared.
Private donor. Competing interests None declared.Macrocage molecules with a bridged π-electron system have been reported as molecular gyrotops in which the π-electron system can rotate within the cage. We recently reported the dynamics of the rotor in solution using 1,4-naphthalenediyl-bridged molecular gyrotops, which consist of cages formed of three C14, C16, or C18 chains. In this work, we synthesized novel gyrotops with C15 and C17 chains and systematically investigated the activation energies for the rotation of the rotor in solution. The activation energies for rotation in solution were found to decrease with increasing size of the cage. Therefore, a rotational barrier can be designed by adjusting the length of the side chains in these molecular gyrotops. Additionally, these gyrotops were fluorescent in solution; the quantum yields and lifetimes of the fluorescence were investigated. However, these properties were not influenced by the chain length owing to a large difference in time scale between fluorescence (10(-8)-10(-9) s) and the rotational dynamics inside the cage (10°-10(-5) s).Kidney transplantation is a standard surgical procedure. Improvements of immunosuppressive therapy, donor management and surgical technique reduced perioperative complications and improved graft survival. In this review the authors discuss the anaesthetic management of kidney transplantation and nephroprotective strategies reduction of ischemia-reperfusion injury, maintenance of optimal graft perfusion, avoidance of nephrotoxic agents and effective immunosuppression.Perioperative neurofunctional disorders may become clinically apparent as e.g. perioperative stroke (POS) or postoperative cognitive deficit (POCD). Newly diagnosed neuro-functional disorders are associated with worsening of postoperative outcome. Focus of this review article is on the possibilities of the intraoperative anaesthesiological management to favourably influence incidence and severity of neurological complications and to improve postoperative outcome.Due to ongoing demographic changes more and more older patients with co-existent cardiac diseases undergo non-cardiac surgery. The risk of postoperative complications, notably myocardial ischemia, is raised in these patients. An accurate preparation before surgery including the risk profile and the management of co-medication is of paramount importance. Beta-blockers and statins should be continued perioperatively. The management of platelet aggregations inhibitors requires an interdisciplinary approach. During surgery, tachycardia as well as hypertension and hypotension should be treated consequently. Perioperative myocardial infarction is often asymptomatic and diagnosis can be difficult. Sufficient analgesia is important in postoperative care of patients with co-existing cardiac diseases.Protective ventilation is a treatment strategy for patients with ARDS. The main goals are the prevention of de-recruitment and overinflation and hence development of VILI. Therefore, protective ventilation is an individualised therapy by adjusting PEEP and Vt in respect to patient' own volume-pressure-curve. Nowadays the term "protective ventilation" is reduced to ventilation with Vt 6 ml/kg only. Although protective ventilatory strategies are used in patients with severe pulmonary impairment there is a trend to transfer this strategy to healthy humans undergoing surgery. In ventilated patients with healthy lungs a ventilation with Vt higher than 17 ml/kg seems to increase the risk for development of VILI. Nevertheless, many studies show a association between application of protective intraoperative ventilatory strategies and a reduced rate of postoperative pulmonary complications. However, "protective ventilation" has not been standardised yet, and the adequate Vt and PEEP in an individual patient undergoing surgery has still to be clarified.
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