Notes

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To develop and refine a programme theory that explains factors that influence decisions to take part in health research by people of diverse ethnic and cultural backgrounds.

Realist review following a sequence of five steps (a) scoping search and identification of programme theory; (b) evidence searching; (c) critical appraisal and data extraction; (d) organisation of evidence and (e) refinement of programme theory.

Documents (including peer-reviewed articles, grey literature, websites, reports and conference papers) either full text, or a section of relevance to the overarching research question were included.

EMBASE, Medline, Web of Science, Psych Info, Google and Google Scholar were searched iteratively between May and August 2020. Search strategy was refined for each database providing a broad enough review for building of programme theory.

Data from eligible documents was extracted to build understanding of the factors that influence decision-making. Data were mapped to create a data matrix acc conduct of research projects.
The review indicates the need for a more inclusive research infrastructure that facilitates diverse participation in health research through incorporating adaptive processes that support shared decision making within the informed consent process and in the conduct of research projects.
Antiretroviral treatment turned HIV infection into a chronic disease and improved quality of life for people living with HIV. Dual-drug combinations have been shown to be effective in suppressing viral replication and can potentially reduce long-term drug-associated toxicities. We aim to investigate patients' perceptions and experiences on the safety, effectiveness, tolerability and unmet needs of the dual-drug combination dolutegravir/lamivudine in Brighton and Hove, UK. In addition, we will conduct a comparative analysis between patients on dolutegravir/lamivudine and patients on other dual-drug and three-drug combinations. Finally, the study aims to provide recommendations to improve doctor-patient communication, knowledge and understanding of the treatment plan, and additional care that ought to be considered in patient-centred, holistic care plans.

Our qualitative methodological framework is based on three main methods cultural domain analysis, focus group discussions and in-depth interviews. Cultura articles, conference papers and discussions through public engagement events.

IRAS number 286277. NCT04901728.
IRAS number 286277. NCT04901728.
Patients have contributed <1% of spontaneous adverse drug reaction (ADR) reports in Uganda's pharmacovigilance database. Peer support combined with mobile technologies could empower people living with HIV (PLHIV) to report ADRs and improve ADR management through linkage to care. We seek to test the feasibility and effect of a peer support intervention on ADR reporting by PLHIV receiving combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in Uganda; identify barriers and facilitators to the intervention; and characterise ADR reporting and management.

This is a quasi-experimental study to be implemented over 4 months at 12 intervention and 12 comparison cART sites from four geographical regions of Uganda. Per region, two blocks each with a tertiary, secondary and primary care cART site will be selected by simple random sampling. Blocks per region will be randomly assigned to intervention and comparison arms.Study units will include cART sites and PLHIV receiving cART. PLHIV at intervention sites will be assigned t5.
Antibiotic overuse is one of the main drivers of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), especially in low-income and middle-income countries. This study aimed to understand the perceptions and views towards AMR, antibiotic prescribing practice and antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) among hospital physicians in Jakarta, Indonesia.

Cross-sectional, self-administered questionnaire-based survey, with descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to identify distinct underlying constructs in the dataset, and multivariable linear regression of factor scores to analyse physician subgroups.

Six public and private acute-care hospitals in Jakarta in 2019.

1007 of 1896 (53.1% response rate) antibiotic prescribing physicians.

Physicians acknowledged the significance of AMR and contributing factors, rational antibiotic prescribing, and purpose and usefulness of AMS. However, this conflicted with reported suboptimal local hospital practices, such as room cleaning, hand hygiene and staff education, and views reg develop context-specific AMS interventions.
AMS implementation in Indonesian hospitals is challenged by institutional, contextual and diagnostic vulnerabilities, resulting in externalising AMR instead of recognising it as a local problem. Appropriate recognition of the contextual determinants of antibiotic prescribing decision making will be critical to change physicians' attitudes and develop context-specific AMS interventions.
Despite the potential benefits of advance care planning, uptake in older adults is low. In general, there is a lack of guidance as to how to initiate advance care planning conversations and encourage individuals to take action in planning their future care, including after emergency hospitalisation. Participatory action research methods are harnessed in health services research to design interventions that are relevant to end-users and stakeholders. This study aims to involve older persons, carers and healthcare professionals in co-designing an intervention to increase uptake of advance care planning in later life, which can be used by social contacts and healthcare professionals, particularly in the context of a recent emergency hospitalisation.

The theory-driven participatory design research method integrates and adapts accelerated experience-based co-design with the behaviour change wheel, in the form of a collaborative multi-stakeholder co-design workshop. In total, 12 participants, comprising 4 lay publications, conferences and meetings.
Ethical approval has been obtained from the Science Engineering Technology Research Ethics Committee at Imperial College London (Reference 19IC5538). The findings from this study will be disseminated through publications, conferences and meetings.
This study aimed to evaluate the psychological and financial distress reported by citizens and permanent residents stranded abroad due to international travel restrictions introduced in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

An international cross-sectional study.

A primary analysis of data collected between July and September 2021 through an online survey targeting individuals stranded abroad and unable to return to their country of residence due to international travel restrictions.

A total of 1054 individuals aged 18-84 years.

Multivariable logistic regression models were used to explore the relationship between higher levels of depression, anxiety and stress and participant variables.

The survey answered questions regarding COVID-19 travel restriction-related impacts personal stress, anxiety and depression (using the validated 21-item Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) tool), as well as impacts on housing and financial security and demographic data.

A total of 75.4% of respondents ree types of support that may be adopted to best support them.
The study is among the first to explore the psychological and financial distress-related impacts associated with being stranded abroad due to COVID-19 travel restrictions. It highlights a range of unintended consequences that arise from pandemic-related travel restrictions, identifies the health and social needs of a particularly vulnerable population, and provides clues as to the types of support that may be adopted to best support them.
To assess the association between medical negligence claims and doctors' self-rated health and life satisfaction.

Prospective cohort study.

Registered doctors practising in Australia who participated in waves 4 to 11 of the Medicine in Australia Balancing Employment and Life (MABEL) longitudinal survey between 2011 and 2018.

Self-rated health and self-rated life satisfaction.

Of the 15 105 doctors in the study, 885 reported being named in a medical negligence claim. Fixed-effects linear regression analysis showed that both self-rated health and self-rated life satisfaction declined for all doctors over the course of the MABEL survey, with no association between wave and being sued. However, being sued was not associated with any additional declines in self-rated health (coef.=-0.02, 95% CI -0.06 to 0.02, p=0.39) or self-rated life satisfaction (coef.=-0.01, 95% CI -0.08 to 0.07, p=0.91) after controlling for a range of job factors. Instead, we found that working conditions and job satisfaction were adversely affect the well-being of doctors in Australia when adjusting for time trends and previously established covariates. This may be because (1) prior studies failed to adequately address issues of causation and confounding; or (2) legal processes governing medical negligence claims in Australia cause less distress compared with those in other jurisdictions. Our findings suggest that the interaction between medical negligence claims and poor doctors' health is more complex than revealed through previous studies.
Neonatal mortality is generally 20% higher in boys than girls due to biological phenomena. check details Only a few studies have examined more finely categorised age patterns of neonatal mortality by sex, especially in the first few days of life. The objective of this study is to examine sex differentials in neonatal mortality by detailed ages in a low-income setting.

This is a secondary observational analysis of data.

Rural Sarlahi district, Nepal.

Neonates born between 1999 and 2017 in three randomised controlled trials.

We calculated study-specific and pooled mortality rates for boys and girls by ages (0-1, 1-3, 3-7, 7-14, 14-21 and 21-28 days) and estimated HR using Cox proportional hazards models for male versus female mortality for treatment and control groups together (n=59 729).

Neonatal mortality was higher in boys than girls in individual studies 44.2 vs 39.7 in boys and girls in 1999-2000; 30.0 vs 29.6 in 2002-2006; 33.4 vs 29.4 in 2010-2017; and 33.0 vs 30.2 in the pooled data analysis. Pooled data found that early neonatal mortality (HR=1.17; 95% CI 1.06 to 1.30) was significantly higher in boys than girls. All individual datasets showed a reversal in mortality by sex after the third week of life. In the fourth week, a reversal was observed, with mortality in girls 2.43 times higher than boys (HR=0.41; 95% CI 0.31 to 0.79).

Boys had higher mortality in the first week followed by no sex difference in weeks 2 and 3 and a reversal in risk in week 4, with girls dying at more than twice the rate of boys. This may be a result of gender discrimination and social norms in this setting. Interventions to reduce gender discrimination at the household level may reduce female neonatal mortality.

NCT00115271, NCT00109616, NCT01177111.
NCT00115271, NCT00109616, NCT01177111.
Pregnancy-Unique Quantification of Emesis (PUQE) questionnaire is mainly used in outpatient care to assess the severity of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP). Our aim was to evaluate the usability of the Finnish-translated PUQE in hospitalised women with hyperemesis gravidarum (HG).

Prospective cohort study.

University hospital in Finland.

Ninety-five women admitted due to HG for at least overnight.

Categorised and continuous PUQE scores, physical and mental quality of life (QoL) and urine ketones at admission and at discharge, analysing the first admission and readmissions separately.

The most common PUQE categories at admission were 'moderate' and 'severe', whereas at discharge they were 'mild' and 'moderate'. Likewise, continuous PUQE scores improved between admission and discharge (p<0.0001). At admission, women rating worse physical QoL (first admission adjusted OR (AOR) 1.09; 95% CI 1.03 to 1.16; readmissions AOR 1.13; 95% CI 1.02 to 1.25) and women with ketonuria of +++ (first admission AOR 16.
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