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Clove Bud Essential Oil: The outcome of Milling on the Chemical Composition as well as Natural Activities Involved in Holder's Well being Security.
The genus Cuscuta (Convolvulaceae) is an annual parasitic twining herb. There are about 200 species in this genus, which are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas. Cuscuta is mainly parasitic on crops bringing significant losses to the production of agriculture. Furthermore, dried seeds of C. chinensis and C. australis are used as a Chinese traditional herbal medicine. Despite the importance of Cuscuta species, it is difficult to distinguish these plants by the naked eye. Moreover, plastid sequence information available for Cuscuta species is limited. In this study, the complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequence of C. australis was determined using next-generation sequencing. The entire cp genome was determined to be 85,263 bp in length. It contained large single-copy (LSC) and small single-copy (SSC) regions of 50,384 and 6727 bp, respectively, which were separated by a pair of 14,076 bp inverted repeat (IR) regions. The genome contained 98 genes, including 61 protein-coding genes, 29 tRNA genes, and 4 rRNA genes. The overall GC content of the genome is 37.8%. A phylogenetic tree reconstructed by 26 chloroplast genomes reveals that C. australis is most related with Cuscuta pentagona in Convolvulaceae, with bootstrap support values of 100%.Deutzia glabrata belongs to the Saxifragaceae, usually perennial herbs, shrubs. The cpDNA of Deutzia glabrata was 157,283 bp long with a large single-copy region (LSC) of 86,839 bp and a small single-copy region(SSC) of 18,748 bp separated by a pair of inverted repeat regions (IRs) of 25,848 bp. It contains 131 genes, including 85 protein-coding genes, 38 tRNA genes, 8 rRNA genes, of which 16 genes are duplicated in the IRs. The overall GC content is 37.6%. The phylogenetic tree indicates that Deutzia species formed a monophyletic lineage with high bootstrap value. This study has provided new genome information for the phylogenetic analysis of Saxifragaceae.The first complete chloroplast genome (cpDNA) sequence of Afzelia xylocarpa was determined from Illumina HiSeq pair-end sequencing data in this study. The cpDNA is 159,115 bp in length, contains a large single-copy region (LSC) of 88,164 bp and a small single-copy region (SSC) of 19,495 bp, which were separated by a pair of inverted repeats (IR) regions of 25,748 bp. The genome contains 128 genes, including 83 protein-coding genes, 8 ribosomal RNA genes, and 37 transfer RNA genes. The overall GC content of the whole genome is 36.1%, and the corresponding values of the LSC, SSC, and IR regions are 33.7%, 29.6%, and 42.6%, respectively. Further phylogenomic analysis showed that A. xylocarpa, Tamarindus indica, and Crudia harmsiana are clustered in a clade in the Detarioideae subfamily.Ulva meridionalis, a green macroalgae, is one of the causal species for green tides in Japan and spread into the coast of China. During this research, we sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome of U. meridionalis. Buparlisib The mitogenome is 62,887 bp in length, including 28 encoding genes and 29 tRNA genes. Compared with the Ulva species from mitogenome, the gene order and organization of this mitogenome are similar to most of other determined Ulva mitogenomes, with the nucleotide base composition of A 33.6%, T 32.2%, C 16.2%, and G 18.0%. Phylogenetic analysis shows U. meridionalis is closely related to Ulva flexuosa.Trophis caucana, which belongs to Moraceae, is a tree species lived in a humid climate at low and middle altitudes. The complete chloroplast (cp) genome of T. caucana was sequenced and assembled in this study. The cp genome is 161,445 bp in length with comprising two copies of inverted region (IR, 25,894 bp) separated by the large single copy (LSC, 89,633 bp) and small single copy (SSC, 20,024 bp) regions. It encodes 111 unique genes, consisting of 77 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and four rRNA genes, with 19 duplicated genes in the IR regions. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that T. caucana is sister to Antiaris toxicaria in Moraceae family.Lycium ferocissimum, known as African boxthorn or boxthorn, is a shrub in the Solanaceae family. In this study, we characterized the complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequence of L. ferocissimum using genome skimming data. It had a circular mapping molecular with the length of 155,894 bp, with a large single-copy region (LSC, 86,536 bp) and a small single-copy region (SSC, 18,406 bp) separated by a pair of inverted repeats (IRs, 25,476 bp). The cp genome encodes 113 unique genes, consisting of 79 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and 4 rRNA genes, with 20 duplicated genes in the IR regions. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that L. ferocissimum is sister to the other three Lycium species.The complete chloroplast genome sequences of vulnerable medicinal plant Saraca asoca (Roxb.) Willd. (Fabaceae) was sequenced. A total of 5,206,216,851 paired-end filtered reads of 151 bp were obtained. The plastome length (including LSC, SSC, IRa, and IRb) was 137,743 bp (GC content 35.26%). A total of 126 coding genes which includes 97 CDS, 24 tRNA, and five rRNA genes were annotated. The phylogenetic analysis attempts to establish molecular signature in order to differentiate genuine sample of S. asoca from its adulterants easily.Lepidotrigona terminata (Smith, 1878) is a stingless bee that distributed in Eastern Asia. The complete mitogenome of L. terminata (GenBank accession number MN737481) is 15,431 bp in size, including 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNAs, two ribosomal RNAs genes, and a noncoding D-loop region. The D-loop region is located between ND4L and tRNAMet, different from the other two stingless bee mitogenomes previously reported. The base composition of the whole L. terminata mitogenome is 38.18% for A, 11.67% for G, 38.32% for T, and 11.83% for C, with a high AT bias of 76.50%. The present data could contribute to a detailed phylogeographic analysis of this valuable economic insect for further study in differentiating closely related species.The complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of Lithobates catesbeianus was sequenced and characterized. The circular mt genome was constituted of of 37 genes (13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNAs, and 2 ribosomal RNAs) and a non-coding region (NCR). Phylogenetic analysis based on the full mt genome sequences confirmed that among the genus Lithobates, L. catesbeianus Korea is included in a monophyletic group with L. catesbeianus China, but not with either L. catesbeianus Japan or L. catesbeianus Canada. This is the first completed mt genome from L. catesbeianus Korea, which provide data for further study of phylogeny in Lithobates spp. that have been introduced into a number of different countries originally from North America.The first complete chloroplast genome (cpDNA) sequence of Xylia xylocarpa was determined from Illumina HiSeq pair-end sequencing data in this study. The cpDNA is 161,288 bp in length, contains a large single copy region (LSC) of 89,186 bp and a small single copy region (SSC) of 19,354 bp, which were separated by a pair of inverted repeats (IR) regions of 26,370 bp. The genome contains 131 genes, including 86 protein-coding genes, eight ribosomal RNA genes, and 37 transfer RNA genes. The overall GC content of the whole genome is 36.6%, and the corresponding values of the LSC, SSC, and IR regions are 34.1%, 30.8%, and 42.8%, respectively. Further phylogenomic analysis showed that X. xylocarpa clustered in a unique clade in Caesalpinioideae subfamily.Archontophoenix alexandrae, known as king palm, is an important landscape tree for the subtropics and potential sources of dietary fiber. In this study, the complete chloroplast genome of A. alexandrae was determined through Illumina sequencing method. The chloroplast genome was 159,196 bp in length and contained a small single-copy region (17,763 bp), a large single-copy region (87,055 bp) and a pair of IR regions (27,189 bp). 135 genes were determined in the A. alexandrae chloroplast genome, including 86 CDS, 39 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. Archontophoenix alexandrae showed the closest relationship with Veitchia arecina in the phylogenetic analysis.The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Cyathostomum tetracanthum was sequenced in the present study. It was determined to be 13,839 bp bases. The overall base composition was 30.93% A, 45.75% T, 6.97% C, and 16.35% G, with a very strong A + T bias (76.65%). The nucleotide sequence data of 12 protein-coding genes of C. tetracanthum and other 16 Strongylidae species were used for phylogenetic analyses. Cyathostomum tetracanthum was closely related with Cylicocyclus species rather than other Cyathostomum species. The complete mitogenome will facilitate taxonomy and systematics studies of Cyathostominae nematodes.The complete mitochondrial genome of the wild Diptychus maculatus collected from Yeken River was determined using next generation sequencing. The mitogenome is a circular molecule 16,765 bp in length, including 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, and a control region. The TAS, central CSB, and CSB were detected in the control region. The gene contents of the mitogenome are identical to those observed in most bony fishes. The NJ phylogenetic tree showed that D. maculatus clustered into one separate branch which is close to genus Gymnodiptychus from the same subfamily.In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome of Duttaphrynus himalayanus was sequenced adopting Illumina high-throughput sequencing method. The complete mitogenome of the species was 17,172 bp in length, including 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, and a non-coding control region (CR). The overall base composition of mitogenome was 29.7% A, 29.6% T, 26.0% C, and 14.7% G. Most mitochondrial genes are encoded on the heavy strand, only ND6 and eight tRNA genes on the light strand. The complete mitogenome of D. himalayanus can provide an important data for future studies on phylogenetic relationship and population genetics of this species.In this study, we firstly reported the complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequences of the Mangifera sylvatica from Nanning, Guangxi province, China. The complete wild mango cp genome size is 158063 bp with a typical small single-copy region (SSC, 18340 bp), a large single-copy region (LSC, 87008 bp) and a pair of inverted repeats (IRs, 26379 bp and 26379 bp respectively). Out of 112 unique annotated genes in mango cp genome, 78 found to be protein coding, 30 to be tRNA and 4 rRNA genes. Besides, we found 51 microsatellite sequences (SSRs) in the cp genome. Sequence alignment and ML analysis of 29 full plastome data revealed M. sylvatica shares the closest relationship with cultivated mango (M. indica) and form a sister group with Rhus chinensis within Anacardiaceae.In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome of big-eyed mountain keelback Pseudoxenodon macrops was sequenced adopting Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology. The complete mitogenome of the species was 19,444 bp in length, including 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, and two non-coding control regions (CR). The overall base composition of mitogenome was 32.0% A, 25.5% T, 28.2% C, and 14.3% G. Most mitochondrial genes are encoded on the heavy strand, only ND6 and eight tRNA genes are on the light strand. We expect that the presented mitogenome can provide important data for future studies on phylogenetic relationship and population genetics of this species.
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