Notes

Biginelli Impulse Mediated Activity associated with Antimicrobial Pyrimidine Types in addition to their Healing Attributes.
09-99.47%) and relative abundances (0.31-2.44 logs) of nearly all ARGs especially ermB, tetM, blaCTX-M and blaOXA. Present study deepened the knowledge of ARGs variation, succession and metabolism functions of bacterial communities when B&M processes were used for FW composting, suggesting a promising technology for reducing the transmission risk of ARGs and reaching maturity of FW composting.Chemical warfare agents (CWAs) are toxic materials that cause death by contact with the skin or by respiration. Immunology inhibitor Although studies on detoxification of CWAs have been intensively conducted, studies that block CWAs permeation are rare. In this study, for blocking CWAs, a multilayer thin film composed of linear polyethylenimine (LPEI) and graphene oxide (GO) is simply prepared through a spray-assisted Layer-by-Layer (LbL) assembly process. LPEI could change its morphology dependent on pH, which is known as a representative hydrogen donor and acceptor. By controlling the shape of the polymer chain, a heterogenous film could have a loose or dense inner structure. CWAs mainly move through diffusion and have hydrogen bonding sites. link2 Therefore, the heterogeneous film can limit CWAs movement based on controlling pathways and hydrogen bonds within the film. The protective effect of this membrane is investigated using dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP), a nerve gas simulant. DMMP vapor transmittance rate (DVTR) and N2 permeance of LPEI/GO are 67.91 g/m2 day and 34,293.04 GPU. It means that the protection efficiency is 72.65%. Although this membrane has a thin thickness (100 nm), it shows a high protective effect with good breathability. And water/DMMP selectivity of the membrane is 66.63. Since this multilayer membrane shows efficient protection performance with a simple preparation method, it has a high potential for applications such as protective suits and masks.Heterogeneous sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation processes (SR-AOPs) have been widely reported over the last decade as a promising technology for pollutant removal from wastewater. In this study, a novel peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activator was obtained by visible-light-driven Mn(II) oxidation in the presence of nitrate. The photochemically synthesized manganese oxides (PC-MnOx) were polymorphic amorphous nanoparticles and nanorods, with an average oxidation state of approximately 3.0. It possesses effective PMS activation capacity and can remove 20 mg L-1 acid organic II (AO7) within 30 min. The AO7 removal performance of PC-MnOx was slightly decreased in natural waterbodies and in the presence of CO32-, while it showed an anti-interference capacity for Cl-, NO3- and humic acid. Chemical quenching, reactive oxygen species (ROS) trapping, X-ray photoelectric spectroscopy (XPS), in-situ Raman spectroscopy, and electrochemical experiments supported a nonradical mechanism, i.e., electron transfer from AO7 to the metastable PC-MnOx-PMS complex, which was responsible for AO7 oxidation. The PC-MnOx-PMS system also showed substrate preferences based on their redox potentials. Moreover, PC-MnOx could activate periodate (PI) but not peroxydisulfate (PDS) or H2O2. Overall, this study provides a new catalyst for PMS activation through a mild and green synthesis approach.A selective separation-recovery process based on tuning organic acid was proposed to the resource recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for the first time. The low-cost preparation of CoFe2O4, reuse of waste acid and recovery of Li can be realized in this process, simultaneously. Li and Co in spent LIBs can be leached efficiently using citric acid as a leaching agent, and separated effectively from leaching solution by tuning oxalic acid content. The results from the characterizations of the prepared CoFe2O4 (CoFe2O4-LIBs) show that it possesses higher ratio of Co(II)/Co(III) and Fe(II)/Fe(III), larger surface specific area and more number of acid sites in comparison with pure CoFe2O4. Besides, CoFe2O4-LIBs was used to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for the degradation of bisphenol A (BPA). Interestingly, its degradation performance is superior to that of pure CoFe2O4 and the related Co-based catalysts. The excellent degradation performance can be maintained in presence of inorganic ions (e.g., Cl-, HCO3-, H2PO4- and NO3-) with high concentration or humic acid. Moreover, surface-bound SO4∙- is considered as the main reactive species for the degradation of BPA. More importantly, CoFe2O4-LIBs can be readily recycled by using an external magnet and own superior ability of regeneration.Ambient fine particulate matter (diameters less then 2.5 µm; PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) pollution are responsible for substantial health burdens in China, contributing to a considerable proportion of global mortality. Simultaneously, the proportion of indoor smoking and cooking-induced PM2.5 and NO2 pollution lacks robust exposure assessment findings. Rapid poverty alleviation and urbanization affect the proportion of indoor vs outdoor sources of PM2.5 and NO2 exposures in China. The current understanding of air pollution and health lacks an understanding of source-specific air pollution exposure. Thus, we developed a model to estimate human exposure to pollutants originating indoors and outdoors. We found indoor sources strongly contribute to total PM2.5 and NO2 exposure in urban China and are comparable to outdoor sources. Cooking contributes 28.6 μg m-3 PM2.5 and 10.8 μg m-3 NO2 on average to the air people breathe, and so did smoking contributing 14.2 μg m-3 PM2.5 and 0.6 μg m-3 NO2, respectively. The results give us a clearer understanding of exposure to PM2.5 and NO2 from indoor and outdoor sources. Pollutant control policies on ambient exposure levels without addressing indoor air pollution in China are insufficient given our estimated exposure levels.Humans are exposed to microplastics (MPs) daily via ingestion and inhalation. It is not known whether this results in adverse health effects and, if so, at what levels of exposure. Without epidemiological studies, human cell in vitro MP toxicological studies provide an alternative approach to this question. This review systematically synthesised all evidence and estimated thresholds of dose-response relationships. MEDLINE and Web of Science were searched from inception to March 2021 and study quality was rated using a novel risk of bias assessment tool. Seventeen studies were included in the rapid review and eight in the meta-regression. Four biological endpoints displayed MP-associated effects cytotoxicity, immune response, oxidative stress, barrier attributes, and one did not (genotoxicity). Irregular shape was found to be the only MP characteristic predicting cell death, along with the duration of exposure and MP concentration (μg/mL). Cells showed varying cytotoxic sensitivity to MPs, with Caco-2 cells (human adenocarcinoma cell line) being the most susceptible. Minimum, environmentally-relevant, concentrations of 10 μg/mL (5-200 µm), had an adverse effect on cell viability, and 20 μg/mL (0.4 µm) on cytokine release. This work is the first to quantify thresholds of MPs effects on human cells in the context of risk assessment.The industrial and agricultural applications of rare earth elements (REEs) lead to considerable REE emissions into environment. Yet, little is known about the molecular-level effects and interactions of REEs in terrestrial plants. Herein, the individual and joint effects of La and Ce in Triticum aestivum were investigated using mass spectrometry-based metabolomics. Metabolic effect level index (MELI) was utilized as a readable endpoint for quantifying mixture interactions. Exposure to single La/Ce at environmentally relevant levels induced significant dose-dependent metabolic changes. The highly overlap of differential metabolites and perturbed pathways of La and Ce suggested their similar mode of action. Exposure to La-Ce mixtures did not induce additional metabolic pathway perturbation. Specifically, metabolism of amino sugar and nucleotide sugar, starch and sucrose, fructose and mannose, glycerophospholipid and purine were disrupted for both single and binary exposures. These results, together with physiological indicators, point to REE-induced oxidative stress, energy expenditure, DNA damage and membrane disturbance. The MELI calculations showed that La and Ce interacted synergistically at the overall metabolic level, which could be causally linked to synergistic interaction at the individual level (root elongation). This work proved metabolomics could be an important and effective strategy for interpreting toxicity and interactions of REE mixtures.Nitrogen-doped biochar (NCMs) has shown great potential as metal-free catalysts for persulfates. To understand the evolution law of properties of NCMs with preparation conditions, eleven NCMs were prepared and characterized by EA, BET, Raman, XPS, and conductivity. Surface area and conductivity can be improved by higher pyrolysis temperature and longer retention time. Distribution of nitrogen species of NCMs was greatly influenced by pyrolysis temperature. Subsequently, these NCMs were applied to activate peroxymonosulfate to degrade 2,4-dichlorophenol. A linear correlation of the initial apparent degradation rate constant (kobs) of 2,4-dichlorophenol with conductivity and ratio of graphitic N was newly established, revealing that conductivity and graphitic N of NCMs would be the key property deciding degradation efficiency of 2,4-dichlorophenol. Positive effect of conductivity can be ascribed to the mediated electron-transfer mechanism. Electron-transfer mechanism is also proved by quenching experiments and solvent deuterium isotope effect experiment. Graphitic N would be the main active site for PMS activation. link3 Understanding the evolvement rule of properties of NCMs with preparation conditions combined with the correlations between reactivity and properties of NCMs is meaningful for preparation of nitrogen-doped biochar as well as the development of carbonaceous materials with high performance in persulfates-based advanced oxidation processes.As important emerging contaminants, nanoplastics can act as vectors for other environmental pollutants, resulting in their migration throughout ecosystems and altering their toxicity. In this study, the fluorescent dye label aggravated the toxicity of polystyrene (PS) nanoplastics (100 nm diameter particles) to microalgae Euglena gracilis. Therefore, the toxicity of non-fluorescent labelled PS alone and in combination with divalent cadmium (Cd2+) on Euglena gracilis in the environmentally relevant concentrations was investigated. Results revealed that co-exposure to 50 μg/L (1.1 × 1010 particles/L) PS and 50 μg/L Cd2+ resulted in synergistic effects, significantly inhibiting microalgal growth by 28.76%. Superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and extracellular polymeric substances were distinctly enhanced in co-exposure treatments compared to the control, indicating that cellular antioxidant defense responses were activated. LC-MS-based metabolomic analysis suggested that PS and Cd2+ exposure alone or in combination induced significant disruption to carbohydrate and purine metabolism-related pathways, as compared to controls. As part of the PS and Cd2+ stress response, differential metabolites involved in lipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism provide antioxidants and cell membrane protective molecules. Overall, this combined physiological and metabolomic analysis approach provides a better understanding of the potential risks posed by nanoplastics and heavy metal pollution in aquatic ecosystems.
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