Notes

Any Supramolecular Antidote to Macromolecular Poisons Geared up by means of Coassembly regarding Macrocyclic Amphiphiles.
Heat stress as an environmental stressor causes abnormal bone remodeling and microarchitectural deterioration. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a Bacillus subtilis-based probiotic on bone mass of broilers subjected to cycling high ambient temperature. One hundred and twenty 1-day-old Ross 708 male broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 2 dietary treatments (12 pens per treatment) control diet and the control diet plus 250-ppm probiotic consisting of 3 strains of Bacillus subtilis. Room temperature was gradually decreased from 35°C on day 1 by 0.5°C/d until day 15, when ambient temperature was increased from 28°C to 32°C for 10 h (0700 h-1700 h) daily until day 44. Samples of blood, leg bones (tibia and femur), and brains (raphe nuclei and hypothalamus) were collected at day 43, while latency to lie test was conducted at day 44. Compared with controls, probiotic supplementation increased bone mineral content, weight, size, weight to length index, and reduced robusticity index in the tibia and femur (P 0.05). Moreover, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in probiotic fed broilers was decreased (P = 0.003) without changes of plasma interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, interferon-γ, and corticosterone concentrations. There were no treatment effects on the concentrations of peripheral serotonin and central serotonin and catecholamines (norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine) as well as their metabolites. buy Sodium butyrate These results may indicate that dietary supplementation of Bacillus subtilis-based probiotic increases bone growth in broilers under a cyclic heating episode probably via inhibition of bone resorption, resulting from downregulation of the circulating TNF-α and CTX. Dietary probiotic supplementation may be a management strategy for increasing skeletal health of broilers under hot weather.Loading of broilers for transport to the processing plant poses a notable injury risk for broilers. Therefore, the poultry industry has developed mechanical methods as alternatives to manual loading methods. Our objective in the present study was to compare manual loading (MAN) of broilers with the mechanical loading (MECH). We assessed the injuries of broilers of 12 MAN and 12 MECH flocks on-farm before and immediately after loading, documented the numbers of broilers dead on arrival reported by the processing plant, and assessed the circumstances at loading. A smaller number of broilers with a hematoma (≥0.5 cm in diameter) on the wing were observed after MAN compared with MECH using the examined harvester (MAN vs. MECH odds ratio 0.16; 95% confidence interval 0.10, 0.28). The number of broilers with severe wing injuries did not differ between the loading methods. The number of broilers dead on arrival was greater in mechanically loaded flocks (MAN vs. MECH odds ratio 0.26; 95% confidence interval 0.10, 0.6ns.The effects of transport risk factors on deaths on arrival (DOAs; %) and carcass rejections (%) on broiler chickens transported to a slaughterhouse in Southern Spain were assessed using information routinely collected at the slaughterhouse. A total of 2,284 flocks and 10,198,663 broiler chickens, transported in 2,103 commercial transports from 217 different farms to a single slaughterhouse, were studied using the information of veterinary service and slaughter records. Studied risk factors were transport condition at arrival score (good/bad) and plumage condition score (good/bad) at arrival at the slaughterhouse, mixing loads (yes/no), transport duration (min), and season of the year (spring/summer/autumn/winter). Generalized linear mixed models were used to determine the effects of risk factors and their interactions on DOA and carcass rejections. The interactive nature of risk factors affecting both variables was revealed. Mixing loads interacted with transport duration (P less then 0.0001), amplifying thsport conditions at arrival and transport season (P = 0.0014) on carcass rejections. Overall, results highlight the value of slaughter records to produce information useful to reduce the impact of transport risk factors, improve broiler chicken welfare, and improve slaughterhouse economic results.As a species of waterfowl, ducks rely on access to water to facilitate feeding behaviors. Further, wet preening behavior in ducks relies on access to water and is a key behavior for duck welfare. Traditionally, Chinese duck farms provide not only free access to drinking water in the duck house but also an open water pool outside of the house. However, recent restrictions prohibit the use of an open water pool for raising ducks in some areas of China. Little is known about the effects of not providing an open water pool on duck welfare, in particular, the development of the preen gland and wet preening behaviors. The preen gland secretes oil which is crucial for maintaining plumage conditions. A total of one hundred twenty 1-day-old Sanshui White ducks (SSWD) were randomly divided into 2 groups and fed for 6 wk with access to a water pool (WP) or without access to a water pool and provided drinking water only (LWP). The live body weights of ducks from the WP group were significantly increased compared with those of ducks in the LWP group starting from 3 wks of age (P less then 0.05). Feed intake was increased in the WP group at 2 wk of age and from 4 to 6 wk of age (P less then 0.05). The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly different only at 4 and 5 wks of age, when the FCR was increased by 5.7% and 9.5%, respectively, in the LWP group compared with the WP group (P less then 0.05). Lack of access to an open water pool significantly inhibited the growth of the preen gland based on its weight, size, and quantity of oil secretions (P less then 0.05). In addition, the proportion of ducks exhibiting wet preening behavior was significantly reduced in the LWP group compared with the WP group (5.5 ± 0.2% vs. 24.8 ± 2.1%, P less then 0.05). This study indicated that a lack of access to an open water source had negative impacts on the development of the preen gland and on the preening behavior of SSWD.In laying hens, a diet supplemented with tryptophan (Trp) has been shown to affect their pecking behavior. However, unlike this positive effect, Trp is also involved in negative effects on behavior and stress through indolic pathways. Indole production can be reduced by probiotics (Pro), thus we hypothesized that Pro may prevent negative effects of Trp and increase beneficial effects on behavior in birds. Combined effects of Pro and Trp were also expected. To investigate the effects on behavior in birds of supplementing with a high level of Trp with or without Pro, Japanese quail were used because their behavior can be influenced by Pediococcus acidilactici, and they can be highly aggressive. Quails (n = 120) were assigned to 4 groups in a 2 × 2 factorial design for 55 d C-C (control diet with usual Trp level, 0.3%; without Pro; n = 30), Trp-C (Trp 2%; without Pro; n = 30), C-Pro (control diet; with Pro 1 x 109 CFU/L P. acidilactici in drinking water; n = 30), and Trp-Pro (Trp 2%; with Pro; n = 30). Body weight was measured every week, and different tests were conducted to investigate behavioral characteristics of each quail.
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