Notes

A clear case of intense subdural hematoma as a result of punctured aneurysm found simply by postmortem angiography.
Most studies on map segmentation and recognition are focused on architectural floor plans, while there are very few analyses of shopping mall plans. The objective of the work is to accurately segment and recognize the shopping mall plan, obtaining location and semantic information for each room via segmentation and recognition. This work can be used in other applications such as indoor robot navigation, building area and location analysis, and three-dimensional reconstruction. First, we identify and match the catalog of a mall floor plan to obtain matching text, and then we use the two-stage region growth method we proposed to segment the preprocessed floor plan. The room number is then obtained by sending each segmented room section to an OCR (optical character recognition) system for identification. Finally, the system retrieves the matching text to match the room number in order to obtain the room name, and outputs the needed room location and semantic information. It is considered a successful detection when a room region can be successfully segmented and identified. The proposed method is evaluated on a dataset including 1340 rooms. Experimental results show that the accuracy of room segmentation is 92.54%, and the accuracy of room recognition is 90.56%. The total detection accuracy is 83.81%.Vegetation in Northeast China (NEC) has faced dual challenges posed by climate change and human activities. However, the factors dominating vegetation development and their contribution remain unclear. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive evaluation of the response of vegetation in different land cover types, climate regions, and time scales to water availability from 1990 to 2018 based on the relationship between normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI). The effects of human activities and climate change on vegetation development were quantitatively evaluated using the residual analysis method. We found that the area percentage with positive correlation between NDVI and SPEI increased with time scales. NDVI of grass, sparse vegetation, rain-fed crop, and built-up land as well as sub-humid and semi-arid areas (drylands) correlated positively with SPEI, and the correlations increased with time scales. The negatively correlated area ties in vegetation change areas provide a basis for government to formulate local-based management policies.The electromagnetic spectrum is used as a medium for modern wireless communication. Most of the spectrum is being utilized by the existing communication system. For technological breakthroughs and fulfilling the demands of better utilization of such natural resources, a novel Reflective In-Band Full-Duplex (R-IBFD) cooperative communication scheme is proposed in this article that involves Full-Duplex (FD) and Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) technologies. The proposed R-IBFD provides efficient use of spectrum with better system parameters including Secrecy Outage Probability (SOP), throughput, data rate and secrecy capacity to fulfil the requirements of a smart city for 6th Generation (6thG or 6G). The proposed system targets the requirement of new algorithms that contribute towards better change and bring the technological revolution in the requirements of 6G. check details In this article, the proposed R-IBFD mainly contributes towards co-channel interference and security problem. The In-Band Full-Duplex mode devices face higher co-channel interference in between their own transmission and receiving antenna. R-IBFD minimizes the effect of such interference and assists in the security of a required wireless communication system. For a better understanding of the system contribution, the improvement of secrecy capacity and interference with R-IBFD is discussed with the help of SOP derivation, equations and simulation results. A machine learning genetic algorithm is one of the optimization tools which is being used to maximize the secrecy capacity.This paper presents the design and fabrication of a profiling float primarily used for thermocline observations and tracking, with an emphasis on depth control performance. The proposed float consists of a frame-type electronic chamber and a variable buoyancy system (VBS) actuator chamber. Components or sensors can be added or removed according to specific requirements. All components were off the shelf, which lowered the cost of the float. In addition, a segment PD control method is introduced. Simulink results showed that there was no need to change any parameter when carrying out tasks at different depths. This method is superior to the traditional PD control and sliding mode control (SMC). In the process of diving, the speed could be well controlled to less than 0.2 m/s. We completed depth determination and control method validation in Qiandao Lake. The final results were consistent with the simulation results, and the maximum depth retention error was less than 0.3 m. Field tests also demonstrated that the prototype float can be used for thermocline observations in the upper layer of seawater or lake water.In biomechanics, joint kinetics has an important role in evaluating the mechanical load of the joint and understanding its motor function. Although an optical motion capture (OMC) system has mainly been used to evaluate joint kinetics in combination with force plates, inertial motion capture (IMC) systems have recently been emerging in joint kinetic analysis due to their wearability and ubiquitous measurement capability. In this regard, numerous studies have been conducted to estimate joint kinetics using IMC-based wearable systems. However, these have not been comprehensively addressed yet. Thus, the aim of this review is to explore the methodology of the current studies on estimating joint kinetic variables by means of an IMC system. From a systematic search of the literature, 48 studies were selected. This paper summarizes the content of the selected literature in terms of the (i) study characteristics, (ii) methodologies, and (iii) study results. The estimation methods of the selected studies are categorized into two types the inverse dynamics-based method and the machine learning-based method. While these two methods presented different characteristics in estimating the kinetic variables, it was demonstrated in the literature that both methods could be applied with good performance for the kinetic analysis of joints in different daily activities.Optical fiber sensors based on an interferometer structure play a significant role in monitoring physical, chemical, and biological parameters in natural environments. However, sensors with high-sensitivity measurement still present their own challenges. This paper deduces and summarizes the methods of sensitivity enhancement in interferometer based fiber optical sensors, including the derivation of the sensing principles, key characteristics, and recently-reported applications.The modal coupling interferometer is taken as an example to derive the five terms related to the sensitivity (1) the wavelength-dependent difference of phase between two modes/arms ∂ϕd/∂λ, (2) the sensor length Lw,A, (3) refractive index difference between two modes/arms Δneff,A, (4) sensing parameter dependent length change α, and (5) sensing parameter dependent refractive index change γ. The research papers in the literature that modulate these terms to enhance the sensing sensitivity are reviewed in the paper.DC magnetization is generally considered to suppress the usual local magnetic permeability variation and increase the penetration depth for magnetizing-based eddy current testing (MB-ECT) of ferromagnetic materials. In fact, such simple explanations lead to rough nondestructive evaluation and cause new neglected non-uniform magnetic characteristics. Hence, the "perturbation" of the internal magnetic field variation is analyzed using a magnetic dipole model and the mechanism of magnetic permeability perturbation in MB-ECT is revealed. The theoretical analysis and simulations show that a significant permeability perturbation always appears around a defect and presents opposite features with strong and weak magnetization. Furthermore, experimental results indicate that the hidden signal component arising from the local permeability perturbation is critical for both far-side surface and near-side surface defects in the MB-ECT method.Damage detection of railway tracks is vital to ensure normal operation and safety of the rail transit system. Piezoelectric sensors, which are widely utilized to receive ultrasonic wave, may be disturbed in the railway system due to strong electromagnetic interference (EMI). In this work, a hybrid ultrasonic sensing system is proposed and validated by utilizing a lead-zirconate-titanate (PZT) actuator and a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor to evaluate damage conditions of the railway tracks. The conventional ultrasonic guided wave-based method utilizing direct wave to detect damages is limited by the complex data analysis procedure and low sensitivity to incipient damage. Diffuse ultrasonic wave (DUW), referring to later arrival wave packets, is chosen in this study to evaluate structural conditions of railway tracks due to its high sensitivity, wider sensing range, and easy implementation. Damages with different sizes and locations are introduced on the railway track to validate the sensitivity and sensing range of the proposed method. Two damage indices are defined from the perspective of energy attenuation and waveform distortion. The experimental results demonstrate that the DUW signals received by the hybrid sensing system could be used for damage detection of the railway tracks and the waveform-distortion-based index is more efficient than the energy-based index.Robot-Assisted Minimally Invasive Surgery (RAMIS) has reshaped the standard clinical practice during the past two decades. Many believe that the next big step in the advancement of RAMIS will be partial autonomy, which may reduce the fatigue and the cognitive load on the surgeon by performing the monotonous, time-consuming subtasks of the surgical procedure autonomously. Although serious research efforts are paid to this area worldwide, standard evaluation methods, metrics, or benchmarking techniques are still not formed. This article aims to fill the void in the research domain of surgical subtask automation by proposing standard methodologies for performance evaluation. For that purpose, a novel characterization model is presented for surgical automation. The current metrics for performance evaluation and comparison are overviewed and analyzed, and a workflow model is presented that can help researchers to identify and apply their choice of metrics. Existing systems and setups that serve or could serve as benchmarks are also introduced and the need for standard benchmarks in the field is articulated. Finally, the matter of Human-Machine Interface (HMI) quality, robustness, and the related legal and ethical issues are presented.The case of dual manipulators with shared workspace, asynchronous manufacturing tasks, and independent objects is named a dual manipulator cooperative manufacturing system, which requires collision-free path planning as a vital issue in terms of safety and efficiency. This paper combines the mathematical modeling method with the time sampling method in the classification of robot path-planning algorithms. Through this attempt we can achieve an optimal local search path during each sampling period interval. Our strategy is to build the corresponding non-linear optimization functions set based on the motion characteristics of the dual manipulator system. In this way, the path-planning problem can be turned into a purely mathematical problem of solving the non-linear optimization programming equations set. The spatial geometric analysis is used to linearize the predicted dual-manipulator minimum distance equation, thus linearizing the non-linear optimization equations set. Finally, this system of linear optimization equations will be mapped directly into a virtual Euclidean space and then solved intuitively using the spatial geometry theory.
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