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COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy between sufferers along with all forms of diabetes in Saudi Arabic.
This high cytotoxicity resulted from an efficient cellular uptake induced by the over-expressed folate receptors and fast pH triggered DOX release inside the target cell. Here, the lowest IC50 value of DOX-loaded nanocarriers was achieved at 2.814 ± 0.449 μg mL-1. Besides, further investigation also showed that the drug-loaded nanocarriers exhibited less or no toxicity against normal cells.It is highly desirable to explore efficient catalysts for reducing toxic Cr6+ to benign Cr3+ under mild and eco-friendly conditions. This article describes a facile fabrication of nitrogen doped carbon (N@C-g-C3N4) as a metal-free catalyst for Cr6+ reduction using lignin as a carbon source and g-C3N4 nanosheets as a nitrogen source. The structural properties of the N@C-g-C3N4 catalyst are characterized by TEM, HR-TEM, XRD, TGA, Raman, EDS-mapping, XPS and BET techniques. The summation of these analyses sheds light on the high surface area (903 m2 g-1), mesopore size (17.3 nm) and defects (I D/I G = 0.97) of N@C-g-C3N4, which contribute to its excellent catalytic activity in HCOOH-mediated reduction of Cr6+ to Cr3+ with high rate constant (2.98 min-1) and turnover frequency (2.21 molK2Cr2O7 gcatalyst -1 min-1) and complete degradation (100%) within 5 min. The catalytic performance of the catalyst reveals that the reduction activity is significantly dependent on the concentration of Cr6+ and HCOOH, catalyst loading, pH, temperature, and foreign ions. Particularly, the N@C-g-C3N4 catalyst shows superior stability and renewability with little loss of activity (≥95%) after 8 months storage and five repeated uses. Furthermore, N@C-g-C3N4 can be applied in other hydrogenation reactions involving K3[Fe(CN)6], 4-NP and BPA using NaBH4 as a hydrogen donor, and the removal of organic dyes. These findings illustrate that N@C-g-C3N4 as a metal-free catalyst is effective, versatile and eco-friendly for the reduction of Cr6+ from contaminated environments.Hydroxylamine nitrate and hydrazine nitrate are dangerous explosives and toxic chemicals. Catalytic decomposition is an efficient way for disposal of these chemicals. In the current work, a Ru/ZSM-5 catalyst has been fabricated and evaluated for the decomposition of hydroxylamine nitrate and hydrazine nitrate in 1.0 mol L-1 HNO3. The hydroxylamine nitrate and hydrazine nitrate can be thoroughly decomposed under 80 °C. And the Ru/ZSM-5 catalyst can be separated from the reaction mixture and reused at least 130 times with stable catalytic performance. Easy operation, less solid waste generation, and a simple catalytic device make the strategy reported here practical, environmentally friendly, and economically attractive.A new boric agent with bridged structure, boric acid D, was first synthesized and used as an excellent chiral derivative agent for highly efficient enantiodiscrimination of various diols. The derivatization reaction is fast and complete, easy to operate and has high accuracy in measurement of ee values. The characteristic split NMR signals are well-distinguishable with a large chemical shift nonequivalence (up to 0.39 ppm).The reaction of Ph2PCH2OH with PhPCl2 and PCl3 in the presence of Et3N afforded new phosphonite compounds PhP(OCH2PPh2)21 and P(OCH2PPh2)32, respectively. The reaction between 1 and [NiCl2(DME)] in dichloromethane gave the five-coordinate complex [NiCl2(1-κ3 P,P,P)] 3. Conversely, 1 reacts with [NiCl2(DME)] in the presence of NH4PF6 in dichloromethane to yield the four coordinate ionic complex [NiCl(1-κ3 P,P,P)][PF6] 4. The reactions between 1, [NiCl2(DME)] and KPF6 in the presence of RNC (R = Xylyl, t Bu and iPr) in dichloromethane yielded the five coordinate monocationic [NiCl(1-κ3 P,P,P)(RNC)][PF6] (R = Xylyl) and dicationic [Ni(1-κ3 P,P,P)(RNC)2][PF6]2 (R = t Bu and iPr) complexes, respectively. The analogous reaction of 2 with [NiCl2(DME)] in the presence of KPF6 gave complex [NiCl(2-κ4 P,P,P,P)][PF6], 8. The structures of all complexes were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies and supported by spectroscopic methods. To demonstrate their catalytic application, N-alkylation reactions between primary aryl amines, benzyl and 4-methoxy benzyl alcohols were found to proceed smoothly in the presence of 2.5 mol% of complexes bearing ligand 1 and less then 0.5 mmol of KOBu t in toluene at 140 °C. The C-N coupled products were formed in very good yields. Its substrate scope includes sterically encumbered, heterocyclic amines and aliphatic alcohol.The synthesis of nano-sized alloys of Pt and rare earth (RE) metal catalysts has been a huge challenge due to a significantly large standard reduction potential difference of Pt and RE metals and the high synthesis temperature. Pt x Y/C catalysts with an average particle size of around 21 nm, were synthesized by mixing K2PtCl4 with Y2O3 (a molar ratio of Pt  Y = 1  1) with a carbon support in a molten LiCl-CaH2 system by a one-step molten salt synthesis method at 600 °C. The synthesis processes of the Pt x Y/C alloys are proposed as follows Pt nanoparticles were first obtained by the reaction of K2PtCl4 and CaH2 at 210 °C, then Y ions were preferentially reduced on the Pt nanoparticle surface by the reduction of CaH2, followed by Pt x Y alloy formation in the molten LiCl-CaH2 system at 600 °C. Molten LiCl provides a strong reducing environment and lowers the formation temperature of alloys. Pt2Gd/C and Pt2La/C were also obtained with Gd2O3 and La2O3 as the starting raw materials, respectively by using the same process. When investigated as an electrocatalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), the half-wave potentials of Pt x RE/Cs are all more positive than that of commercial Pt/C catalyst (e.g., 0.905 V for Pt x Y/C while 0.880 V for JM Pt/C), and the nano-sized Pt x Y/C alloy shows higher electrocatalytic activity toward the ORR and preferable catalytic durability with respect to JM Pt/C catalysts. This facile synthesis method provides an effective strategy for the preparation of Pt-RE based multicomponent nanoalloys, especially in large-scale production.This paper reports the effects of ion irradiation on the structural, linear, and nonlinear optical properties of thermally evaporated Bi5In30Se65 thin films. The prepared films were irradiated with 30 keV proton ions with different fluences, such as 5 × 1015 ions per cm2, 1 × 1016 ions per cm2, and 5 × 1016 ions per cm2. Structural analysis via X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the non-crystalline nature of the film after ion irradiation with different doses. However, after the irradiation dose, the surface morphology changed, as shown by atomic force microscopy (AFM) images and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images. The compositions of the films were obtained using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Optical analysis via UV-Visible spectroscopy showed a reduction in the transmittance and an increase in the absorption in the higher wavelength region with irradiation. The optical bandgap and Tauc parameter decreased with an increase in the irradiation fluence, which is due to an increase in the irradiation-induced defects and disorder inside the system. The increases in the third order nonlinear susceptibility and the nonlinear refractive index with ion fluence are useful for nonlinear optical applications. The linear refractive index calculated from the transmittance data increased, satisfying Moss's rule. The optical parameters, such as lattice dielectric constant, optical density, skin depth, optical conductivity, real and imaginary dielectric constants, optical conductivity, loss factor, VELF, and SELF, were calculated using several empirical relationships and showed increasing behavior with the ion irradiation dose. The changes obtained in both the linear and nonlinear parameters will be useful for nonlinear optical device applications.In the current study, DNA immobilization was performed on pencil graphite (PG) modified with a polypyrrole (PPy) and flower-like Pt/NiCo2O4 (FL-Pt/NiCo2O4) nanocomposite, as a new sensitive electrode to detect chlorambucil (CHB). Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques were employed to characterize the synthesized FL-Pt/NiCo2O4 and PPy/FL-Pt/NiCo2O4 nanocomposites. Moreover, differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was selected to assess the guanine and adenine electrochemical responses on the DNA sensor. The CHB determination was performed using the maximum currents towards adenine and guanine in the acetate buffer solution (ABS). According to the results, ds-DNA/PPy/FL-Pt/NiCo2O4/PGE was able to detect the different concentrations of CHB in the range between 0.018 and 200 μM, with a detection limit of (LOD) of 4.0 nM. Akt activator The new biosensor was also exploited for CHB determination in real samples (serum, urine and drug), the results of which revealed excellent recoveries (97.5% to 103.8%). Furthermore, the interaction between ds-DNA and CHB was studied using electrochemistry, spectrophotometry and docking whose outputs confirmed their effective interaction.Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are an emerging class of crystalline porous polymers that make these materials suitable for use as excellent scaffold in heterogeneous catalysis. Here we synthesize a layered two-dimensional (2D) COF (TADP-COF) through the condensation reaction between four-branched 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-aminophenyl)porphyrin (TAPP) and linear 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalaldehyde (Dha) and 1,4-phthalaldehyde (PA) building blocks. Porphyrin units, imine and hydroxyl groups together with imines can provide wide coordination sites for metal docking. Using a programmed synthetic procedure, Cu(ii) ions first coordinated with the imine groups in conjunction with their adjacent hydroxyl groups, and porphyrin units and subsequently added Pd(ii) ions occupied the remaining imine sites in the space between adjacent COF layers. The bimetallic Pd(ii)/Cu(ii)@TADP-COF showed high catalytic activity in a one-pot coupling/oxidation cascade reaction in water. The high surface area, one-dimensional (1D) open channel structure and predesigned catalytic active sites of this material make it ideal candidate for use as heterogeneous catalyst in a wide range of catalytic reactions.The main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of process extraction variables (extraction time, volume of solvent, weight of sample) on the production of essential oil from ginger rhizome using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was employed to obtain the essential oil concentration in percentage (%) area. The RSM indicated that the weight of the sample had a major linear effect on the oil recovery while the extraction time had a major quadratic effect on the essential oil concentration in % area. The highest oil recovery and essential oil concentration in % area were 15.2% and 22.64%, respectively. The best operation conditions for the oil recovery were 4 hours of extraction time, 750 mL volume of methanol and 30 g weight of sample. The best operation conditions for the essential oil concentration in % area were 5 hours of extraction time, 500 mL volume of methanol and 30 g weight of sample.
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