Notes

NOMENs Property: The Place regarding Eponyms inside the Body structure Class.
The second section details the NMs mechanisms to combat antibiotic resistance. In short, we try to summarize the advances in NMs role to deal with microbial resistance and giving solution as antibiotics substitute.
The Barthel Index dyspnea (BId) is responsive to physiological changes and pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, the minimum clinically important difference (MCID) has not been established yet.

To identify the MCID of BId in patients with COPD stratified according to the presence of chronic respiratory failure (CRF) or not.

Using the Medical Research Council (MRC) score as an anchor, receiver operating characteristic curves and quantile regression were retrospectively evaluated before and after pulmonary rehabilitation in 2327 patients with COPD (1151 of them with CRF).

The median post-rehabilitation changes in BId for all patients were -10 (interquartile range = -17 to -3, p<0.001), correlating significantly with changes in MRC (r = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.53 to 0.59, p<0.001). Comparing different methods of assessment, the MCID ranged from -6.5 to -9 points for patients without and -7.5 to -12 points for patients with CRF.

The most conservative estimate of the MCID is -9 points in patients with COPD, without and -12 in those with CRF. This estimate may be useful in the clinical interpretation of data, particularly in response to intervention studies.
The most conservative estimate of the MCID is -9 points in patients with COPD, without and -12 in those with CRF. This estimate may be useful in the clinical interpretation of data, particularly in response to intervention studies.
Lung hyperinflation is a feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and can determine pivotal consequence on symptoms, exercise tolerance and quality of life. Despite the relevance of assessing lung hyperinflation, there is still no single consensus as to what volume should be taken into account. We investigate which spirometric measurement is more reliable in assessing static lung hyperinflation and which is more related with impulse oscillometry system (IOS) measurements in COPD.

Fifty-five COPD patients were enrolled. TLC, RV and RVTLC ratio were obtained both with helium and plethysmography techniques. IOS measurements (X5, Fres and R5-R20) were performed. Pearson and Spearman correlation determined the relationships between the functional parameters that evaluate static hyperinflation (RV TLC, TLC, RV) and IOS measurements.

As expected, we reported a statistically significant difference between these two techniques in terms of mean percentage values of TLC (7.57 ± 3.26 L; p= 0.02) and sence of significant difference in its measurement between the two techniques. IOS provides supplementary information in the assessment of static hyperinflation.
RVTLC can represent the most reliable parameter in the assessment of hyperinflation, considering the absence of significant difference in its measurement between the two techniques. IOS provides supplementary information in the assessment of static hyperinflation.
The effect of statins and fibrates on the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of statins and fibrates on the risk of COPD in patients with hyperlipidemia.

This study involved a retrospective cohort with a follow-up period of 6 years. We identified patients who were diagnosed as having hyperlipidemia between 2000 and 2016 from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database. A Cox proportional hazard model was used to estimate the risk of COPD among different groups. The dose-related effects of statins and fibrates on the risk of COPD were evaluated according to the defined daily dose (DDD).

Patients with hyperlipidemia not using statins and fibrates (group II) had a significantly higher risk of COPD compared with their comparison group, with an adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 1.091 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.034-1.152,
< 0.01]. click here Dose-dependent reduction in the risk of COPD was observed in patients with hyperlipidemia using statins or fibrates compared with patients not using them. Moreover, with an increase in cumulative exposure, a reduced risk of COPD was observed in patients using more than 361 DDDs, with an adjusted HR of 0.474 (95% CI 0.401-0.559,
< 0.001). Patients on fibrate monotherapy using more than 541 DDDs were observed to have an adjusted HR of 0.454 (95% CI 0.226-0.910,
< 0.05) and those on statin monotherapy with over 361 DDDs were noted to have an adjusted HR of 0.583 (95% CI 0.459-0.740,
< 0.001).

This study demonstrated that an increase in the cumulative exposure of statins and fibrates significantly reduced the risk of COPD in patients with hyperlipidemia, and the risk reduction appeared to be significantly dose dependent.
This study demonstrated that an increase in the cumulative exposure of statins and fibrates significantly reduced the risk of COPD in patients with hyperlipidemia, and the risk reduction appeared to be significantly dose dependent.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by irreversible expiratory airflow obstruction, and its chronic course is worsened by recurrent acute exacerbations. Our previous microarray assay identified microRNA (miR)-301a-5p as being associated with progression of acute exacerbation of COPD (AE-COPD); however, the mechanism underlying COPD pathogenesis remains unknown.

Samples of serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from healthy control subjects and patients with stable COPD (R-COPD) or with an acute exacerbation of COPD (AE-COPD). Human HULEC-5a and human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells were transfected with methyl-CpG-binding domain protein 2 (MBD2), sh-MBD2, miR-301a-5p mimics or an inhibitor, and then stimulated with cigarette smoke extract (CSE). Conditioned medium co-culture assays were performed by adding the supernatant of medium derived from HULEC-5a cells transfected with miR-301a-5p mimics or inhibitor into wells containing si-c-x-c motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4)-transfected-lung fibroblasts or human leukemic THP-1 cell line macrophages.
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