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Moving around safely relies critically on our ability to detect object movement. This is made difficult because retinal motion can arise from object movement or our own movement. Here we investigate ability to detect scene-relative object movement using a neural mechanism called optic flow parsing. This mechanism acts to subtract retinal motion caused by self-movement. Because older observers exhibit marked changes in visual motion processing, we consider performance across a broad age range (N = 30, range 20-76 years). In Experiment 1 we measured thresholds for reliably discriminating the scene-relative movement direction of a probe presented among three-dimensional objects moving onscreen to simulate observer movement. Performance in this task did not correlate with age, suggesting that ability to detect scene-relative object movement from retinal information is preserved in ageing. In Experiment 2 we investigated changes in the underlying optic flow parsing mechanism that supports this ability, using a well-established task that measures the magnitude of globally subtracted optic flow. We found strong evidence for a positive correlation between age and global flow subtraction. These data suggest that the ability to identify object movement during self-movement from visual information is preserved in ageing, but that there are changes in the flow parsing mechanism that underpins this ability. We suggest that these changes reflect compensatory processing required to counteract other impairments in the ageing visual system.Development and functions of the ovary rely on appropriate signaling and communication between various ovarian cell types. FOXL2, a transcription factor that plays a key role at different stages of ovarian development, is associated with primary ovarian insufficiency and ovarian cancer as a result of its loss-of-function or mutations. In this study, we investigated the impact of aberrant, constitutive expression of FOXL2 in somatic cells of the ovary. Overexpression of FOXL2 that started during fetal life resulted in defects in nest breakdown and consequent formation of polyovular follicles. Granulosa cell differentiation was impaired and recruitment and differentiation of steroidogenic theca cells was compromised. As a consequence, adult ovaries overexpressing FOXL2 exhibited defects in compartmentalization of granulosa and theca cells, significant decreased steroidogenesis and lack of ovulation. These findings demonstrate that fine-tuned expression of FOXL2 is required for proper folliculogenesis and fertility.
Data on risk factors for COVID-19-associated hospitalization are needed to guide prevention efforts and clinical care. We sought to identify factors independently associated with COVID-19-associated hospitalizations.

U.S. community-dwelling adults (≥18 years) hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 during March 1-June 23, 2020 were identified from the COVID-19-Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network (COVID-NET), a multi-state surveillance system. To calculate hospitalization rates by age, sex, and race/ethnicity strata, COVID-NET data served as the numerator and Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System estimates served as the population denominator for characteristics of interest. Underlying medical conditions examined included hypertension, coronary artery disease, history of stroke, diabetes, obesity [BMI ≥30kg/m 2], severe obesity [BMI≥40kg/m 2], chronic kidney disease, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Generalized Poisson regression models were used to calculate adjusted rate ratios (aRR) for hospitalization.

Among 5,416 adults, hospitalization rates were higher among those with ≥3 underlying conditions (versus without)(aRR 5.0; 95%CI 3.9, 6.3), severe obesity (aRR4.4; 95%CI 3.4, 5.7), chronic kidney disease (aRR4.0; 95%CI 3.0, 5.2), diabetes (aRR3.2; 95%CI 2.5, 4.1), obesity (aRR2.9; 95%CI 2.3, 3.5), hypertension (aRR2.8; 95%CI 2.3, 3.4), and asthma (aRR1.4; 95%CI 1.1, 1.7), after adjusting for age, sex, and race/ethnicity. Adjusting for the presence of an individual underlying medical condition, higher hospitalization rates were observed for adults aged ≥65, 45-64 (versus 18-44 years), males (versus females), and non-Hispanic black and other race/ethnicities (versus non-Hispanic whites).

Our findings elucidate groups with higher hospitalization risk that may benefit from targeted preventive and therapeutic interventions.
Our findings elucidate groups with higher hospitalization risk that may benefit from targeted preventive and therapeutic interventions.
We projected the clinical and economic impact of alternative testing strategies on COVID-19 incidence and mortality in Massachusetts using a microsimulation model.

We compared four testing strategies 1) Hospitalized PCR testing only patients with severe/critical symptoms warranting hospitalization; 2) Symptomatic PCR for any COVID-19-consistent symptoms, with self-isolation if positive; 3) Symptomatic+asymptomatic-once Symptomatic and one-time PCR for the entire population; and, 4) Symptomatic+asymptomatic-monthly Symptomatic with monthly re-testing for the entire population. We examined effective reproduction numbers (Re, 0.9-2.0) at which policy conclusions would change. We assumed homogeneous mixing among the Massachusetts population (excluding those residing in long-term care facilities). selleck inhibitor We used published data on disease progression and mortality, transmission, PCR sensitivity/specificity (70/100%) and costs. Model-projected outcomes included infections, deaths, tests performed, hospital-days, and coo asymptomatic people would decrease infections, deaths, and hospitalizations. Despite modest sensitivity, low-cost, repeat screening of the entire population could be cost-effective in all epidemic settings.
The lens uses circulating fluxes of ions and water that enter the lens at both poles and exit at the equator to maintain its optical properties. We have mapped the subcellular distribution of the lens aquaporins (AQP0, AQP1, and AQP5) in these water influx and efflux zones and investigated how their membrane location is affected by changes in tension applied to the lens by the zonules.

Immunohistochemistry using AQP antibodies was performed on axial sections obtained from rat lenses that had been removed from the eye and then fixed or were fixed in situ to maintain zonular tension. Zonular tension was pharmacologically modulated by applying either tropicamide (increased) or pilocarpine (decreased). AQP labeling was visualized using confocal microscopy.

Modulation of zonular tension had no effect on AQP1 or AQP0 labeling in either the water efflux or influx zones. In contrast, AQP5 labeling changed from membranous to cytoplasmic in response to both mechanical and pharmacologically induced reductions in zonular tension in both the efflux zone and anterior (but not posterior) influx zone associated with the lens sutures.
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