Notes

Different versions regarding forage generate along with forage-livestock harmony within grasslands on the Tibetan Pla-teau, The far east.
Crop-associated microorganisms are known to have a determining influence on crop growth and resistance to stresses. Indeed, microorganisms can deter pathogens, reduce stress levels, improve nutrition, and stimulate growth. However, the microbial communities associated with a plant are rarely optimal for agricultural needs. But how can we engineer crops-associated microbial communities? An interesting framework to address this question is the theory of ecological communities that stipulates four processes by which communities can change 1) selection, 2) dispersal, 3) speciation and 4) ecological drift. Of these, speciation and dispersal can result in the addition of new species to the plant microbiota, whereas selection and drift can lead to the loss of species. We believe that if these mechanisms are sufficiently understood, they could be harnessed to purposefully engineer the crop microbiota. Here, we will discuss the recent efforts to modify the phenotype of plants that are aligned with these ecological processes.Many flowering plants rely on pollinators for their reproductive success. Plant-pollinator interactions usually depend on a complex combination of traits based on a fine-tuned biosynthetic machinery, with many structural and regulatory genes involved. Yet, the physiological mechanisms in plants are the product of evolutionary processes. While evolution has been modifying flowers through millions of years, it is also a rapid process that can change plant traits within few generations. Here we discuss both mechanistic and evolutionary aspects of pollinator attraction. We also propose how latest advances in biotechnology and evolutionary studies, and their combination, will improve the elucidation of molecular mechanisms and evolutionary dynamics of pollinator attraction in changing environments.Small RNA (sRNA)-mediated RNA interference (RNAi) is a regulatory mechanism conserved in almost all eukaryotes. sRNAs play a critical role in host pathogen interactions either endogenously or by traveling between the interacting organisms and inducing 'cross-Kingdom RNAi' in the counterparty. Cross-kingdom RNAi is the mechanistic basis of host-induced gene silencing (HIGS), which relies on genetically expressing pathogen-gene targeting RNAs in crops, and has been successfully utilized against both microbial pathogens and pests. HIGS is limited by the need to produce genetically engineered crops. Recent studies have demonstrated that double-stranded RNAs and sRNAs can be efficiently taken up by many fungal pathogens, and induce gene silencing in fungal cells. This mechanism, termed 'environmental RNAi', allows direct application of pathogen-gene targeting RNAs onto crops to silence fungal virulence-related genes for plant protection. In this review, we will focus on how we can leverage cross-kingdom RNAi and environmental RNAi for crop disease control.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), mainly transmitted by droplets and close contact, has caused a pandemic worldwide as of March 2020. According to the current case reports and cohort studies, the symptoms of pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV-2 were similar to normal adults and may cause a series of adverse consequences of pregnancy (placental abruption, fetal distress, epilepsy during pregnancy, etc.). However, whether SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted to the fetus through the placental barrier is still a focus of debate.

In this study, in order to find out whether SARS-CoV-2 can infect fetus through the placental barrier, we performed qualitative detection of virus structural protein (spike protein and nucleoprotein) and targeted receptor protein Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2), Basigin (CD147) and molecular chaperone GRP78 expression on the placental tissue of seven pregnant women diagnosed with COVID-19 through immunohistochemistry. Amniotic fluid, neonatal throat, anl side, while GRP78 was strongly expressed in the cell membrane and cytoplasm. The RT-PCR results of Amniotic fluid, neonatal throat, anal swab and breastmilk samples were all negative. On the basis of these findings, we speculated that it may be due to the placental barrier between mother and baby, for example, villous matrix and interstitial blood vessels have low expression of virus-related receptors (ACE2, CD147, GRP78), the probability of vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through the placenta is low.Residential greenness may be beneficial for cardiovascular health, but the evidence is still scarce, especially in developing countries. This study aimed to assess the associations between exposure to residential greenness and 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk in a large rural Chinese adult population. This was a cross-sectional study based on 31,162 participants aged 35-74 years with complete data on predictors of the 10-year ASCVD risk from the Henan Rural Cohort Study. The satellite-derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) were used to quantify residential greenness in a buffer radius of 500 m, 1000 m, and 3000 m. The high 10-years ASCVD risk was defined as the estimated risk ≥10% based on prediction equations from the China-PAR Project for Chinese populations. Multivariable-adjusted logistic regression models were performed to estimate the associations of greenness exposures with high 10-year ASCVD risk, and mediation analyses were employed to the potential mediators. For per interquartile range (IQR) increase in NDVI500-m, NDVI1000-m, NDVI3000-m, EVI500-m, EVI1000-m, and EVI3000-m, the adjusted OR (95% CI) of high 10-years ASCVD risk was 0.828 (0.793-0.866), 0.850 (0.817-0.885), 0.823 (0.792-0.855), 0.848 (0.809-0.889), 0.863 (0.826-0.901), 0.843 (0.805-0.883), respectively. Strong associations of NDVI500-m and EVI500-m with high 10-years ASCVD risk were found among participants with lower education level and lower averaged monthly income. The associations of greenness exposures with high 10-year ASCVD risk were partially explained by particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤1 µm, BMI, and physical activity. GSK621 nmr Enhancing residential greenness exposure may be beneficial for reducing the high 10-year ASCVD risk in rural Chinese adults.The 17 spent fluid catalytic cracking refinery catalysts (SFCCCs) from different petroleum refineries were collected and the leachates of SFCCCs were prepared. The ecotoxicity of SFCCC leachates to Raphidocelis subcapitata was assayed. The results showed that the toxicity of the 17 SFCCCs differ greatly. Ji SFCCC was the most toxic to R. subcapitata with a 96 h EC50 value of 1.38%, while Ha SFCCC was the least toxic, with the EC50 value was >100%. The relationships between the toxicity of SFCCCs and the metal concentrations in leachates were analyzed. The concentration of Ni (p = 0.001), La (p = 0.001), Mn (p = 0.014), Ce (p = 0.017), Co (p = 0.018), and Ca (p = 0.031) in leachates showed significant correlation with EC50 values. The predictive model for the ecotoxicity of SFCCCs were established with the concentrations of Ni and La in leachates as ln(EC50) = 0.817 + exp(1.356 - 1.736 × CNi - 0.262 × CLa) (R2 = 0.926). The main toxic ingredients of SFCCC to microalgae were identified for the first time in this work. The results and predictive model of this study are significance for toxicity determination and management of SFCCCs.The potentially negative effects of microplastics (MP) on agroecosystems have raised worldwide concerns. However, little is known about the negative effects of MP exposure on the soil-plant system. To fill up this knowledge gap, a pot experiment was set up, and two different MP types [high density polyethylene (HDPE) and general purpose polystyrene (GPPS)] were used, which had four particle sizes ( less then 25, 25-48, 48-150, and 150-850 µm) at four application rates (2.5, 5, 10, and 20 g MP kg-1 soil). Some soil properties and the growth of Chinese cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.) were monitored. The results showed that (1) MP application with high application rates and relatively small particle sizes significantly enhanced the soil urease activity, which accompanied with enhanced soil pH and decreased soil available concentrations of phosphorus and potassium in some cases. (2) The exposure of MP did not significantly affect the activity of soil catalase regardless of their application rates and sizes. MP wie risks resulting from MP pollution were MP type-dependent and particle size-dependent. These findings indicate that overaccumulation of MP in the agriculture may possess an ecology risk and will negatively affect the agricultural sustainability and the food safety.Bacterial contamination has caused a major public health problem worldwide. Bacillus cereus is a conditional environmental pathogenic bacteria that can cause food poisoning. Whether environmental pathogens can cause widespread transmission in the insect kingdom is unclear. In this study, a Bacillus cereus ZJ-4 was isolated from the hospital environment of Zhenjiang City, Jiangsu Province, China. It was fatal by injection into the silkworm hemolymph. To investigated the potential toxic factors of ZJ-4 and clarified the toxicity response mechanism of silkworm by the ZJ-4 infection. Then, the whole genome of ZJ-4 was sequenced, and the immune mechanism of silkworm fat body to ZJ-4 pathogen was studied by HE pathological section and proteomics. Bacterial genome sequencing indicated that ZJ-4 had 352 drug resistance genes and 6 virulence genes. After 36 h of subcutaneous puncture with ZJ-4 suspension, the pathological changes were obviously found in HE pathological sections of fat body tissue. Comparative proteomic results indicated that differentially expressed proteins are mainly involved in stress reactions, biological regulation, and innate immunity. The qRT-PCR analysis showed that the expressions of β-GRP, Spaetzle, MyD88, Tube and Dorsal genes in Toll pathway were up-regulated, while Pell and Cactus genes were down-regulated; in the antimicrobial peptide pathway, Glv2, Lzm, Mor, and Leb3 genes were up-regulated, while attacin1 and defensin genes were down-regulated; Sod gene was up-regulated, while Cat gene was down-regulated in the antioxidant pathway; Ldh, Sdh, and Mdh genes were down-regulated in glucose metabolism pathway. These results indicated that ZJ-4 can damage the innate immune pathway of silkworm, and also affect the normal immune function of fat body cells.Nanotechnology is an avant-garde field of scientific research that revolutionizes technological advancements in the present world. It is a cutting-edge scientific approach that has undoubtedly a plethora of functions in controlling environmental pollutants for the welfare of the ecosystem. However, their unprecedented utilization and hysterical release led to a huge threat to the soil microbiome. Nanoparticles(NPs) hamper physicochemical properties of soil along with microbial metabolic activities within rhizospheric soils.Here in this review shed light on concentric aspects of NP-biosynthesis, types, toxicity mechanisms, accumulation within the ecosystem. However, the accrual of tiny NPs into the soil system has dramatically influenced rhizospheric activities in terms of soil properties and biogeochemical cycles. We have focussed on mechanistic pathways engrossed by microbes to deal with NPs.Also, we have elaborated the fate and behavior of NPs within soils. Besides, a piece of very scarce information on NPs-toxicity towards environment and rhizosphere communities is available.
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