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Submitting involving Cornael TRPV1 and it is Connection to Immune system Tissue Through Homeostasis and Injury.
PKU-FUEL is a recently developed gridded global emission inventory for multiple air pollutants that uses a bottom-up approach. The inventory includes data collected monthly for the period of 1960 to 2014 and at a 0.1° × 0.1° latitude/longitude resolution. In an effort to evaluate and improve this emission inventory, the PKU-FUEL Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) emission inventory was compared to other currently available and widely used global SO2 emission inventories constructed based on bottom-up and top-down approaches, including CEDS and OMI-HTAP. While PKU-FUEL is capable of capturing SO2 emissions across the globe and particularly in Asia, it misses 41 industrial point sources globally, accounting for 9.3% of Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) remote sensing-measured industrial point sources. Most of these missing point sources are identified in Latin America, the Middle East (~60%), and some remote places. To improve the PKU-FUEL SO2 inventory, we applied OMI-measured emissions to sources missing from PKU-FUEL. GEOS-Chem model simulations were performed to evaluate original and improved PKU-FUEL SO2 inventories against measured SO2 concentrations across the world. Results were further compared to GEOS-Chem modeled SO2 concentrations using the CEDS inventory. We show that the modeled SO2 concentrations determined using both CEDS and improved PKU-FUEL inventories to a large extent corroborate sampled data and that the improved PKU-FUEL performs better for those regions lacking monitoring data. Pesticide exposure in agricultural streams requires non-target species to adapt. However, pesticides may reduce performance in between exposure events due to long-term effects and physiological fitness costs of adaptation. Here, we investigated the long-term consequences of pesticide exposure to low concentrations in the widespread crustacean Gammarus pulex. We collected populations from six German streams covering no to moderate agricultural pesticide exposure. Peak concentrations ranged up to 1/400 of their acute median lethal concentration (Toxic Unit = -2.6), resulting in significant changes in the macroinvertebrate community composition (SPEARpesticides = up to 0.12). Acute toxicity tests revealed up to 2.5-fold increased tolerance towards the most frequently found insecticide clothianidin compared to populations from non-contaminated streams. However, populations showing increased insecticide tolerance were characterized by reduced survival, per capita growth and mating when cultured under pesticide-free conditions in the laboratory for three months. We conclude that pesticide pollution triggers adaptation both at the species and the community level even at concentrations considered to be safe according to the European pesticide legislation. In G. pulex, exposure and adaptation are associated with impaired performance which potentially affects ecosystem functions such as leaf litter degradation. These long-term impairments need to be considered in deriving safe concentrations. V.Many lakes undergo anthropogenically driven eutrophication and pollution leading to decreased water and sediment quality. These effects can enhance seasonally changing lake redox conditions that may concentrate potentially toxic elements. Here we report the results of a multi-method geochemical and sediment microfabric analysis applied to reconstruct the history of cultural eutrophication and pollution of the North and South Basins of Windermere, UK. Eutrophication developed from the mid-19th to the earliest 20th centuries. Enhanced lake productivity is indicated by increased sedimentary δ13C, and increased pollution by a higher concentration of metals (Pb, Hg, and As) in the sediment, likely enhanced by incorporation and adsorption to settling diatom aggregates, preserved as sedimentary laminae. In the South Basin, increasing sediment δ15N values occur in step with Zn, Hg, and Cu, linking metal enrichment to isotopically heavy nitrate (N) from anthropogenic sources. From around 1930, decreases in Mn and Fe-r change driving lengthened summer stratification. V.The treatment of sewage with high-nitrogen/-phosphorus and low-carbon remains a challenge. A novel iron-carbon galvanic cells strengthened anaerobic/anoxic/oxic process (Fe/C-A2O) was developed for high-nitrogen/-phosphorus and low-carbon sewage treatment. The cost-effective iron-scraps (ISs) was recycled as Fe(0)-source under the mediation of Fe/C galvanic cell reaction to develop effective Fe(0)-oxidizing autotrophic-denitrification and -dephosphorization. Utilizing practical high-nitrogen/-phosphorus and low-carbon sewage as target wastewater, the performance, impact factors, contribution of Fe/C galvanic cell reactions, microbial characteristics, strengthening mechanisms, and application potential of Fe/C-A2O process were investigated. The Fe/C-A2O process achieved high TN and TP removal efficiencies of 92.0 ± 1.3% and 97.2 ± 0.9% with removal loads of 0.176 ± 0.002 kg TN/(m3·d) and 0.017 ± 0.002 kg TP/(m3·d), respectively. Optimal HRT of 12 h, DO of 4.0-4.5 mg/L, and reflux-ratio of 41 were obtained, and no sludge-reflux was required. Autotrophic-denitrification and -dephosphorization supported by the Fe/C galvanic cell reactions contributed 63.1% and 75.3% of TN and TP removal, respectively. Microbial characterization revealed the dominance of autotrophic denitrifiers (e.g., Thiobacillus), AOB (e.g., Nitrosomonas), NOB (e.g., Nitrospira), and heterotrophic denitrifiers (e.g., Zoogloea). The mechanism analysis demonstrated that Fe/C galvanic cells strengthened nitrogen removal by raising Fe2+/H2-supported autotrophic denitrification; and strengthened dephosphorization by introducing Fe3+-based PO43--precipitation and enhancing the denitrifying phosphate-accumulation by denitrifying phosphate-accumulating organisms (DPAOs). Based on the efficiency and cost evaluation, the ISs-based Fe/C-A2O process showed significant application potential as an upgrade strategy for traditional A2O process in advanced high-nitrogen/phosphorus and low-carbon sewage treatment. Generally, there are only a few fixed air quality monitoring stations installed in villages or rural areas and only a few studies on small-scale variations in air pollution have been described in detail, which make it difficult to estimate human exposure in such environments and related adverse health effects. Moreover, biomass combustion can be an important source of air pollution in rural areas, comparable to vehicle and industrial emissions in urban planning. NIK SMI1 And their air pollutants are mainly affected by local sources. For this reason, a survey on rural air pollution was carried out in this study. Therefore, portable, battery-powered monitoring devices were used to measure particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5, PM1, particle number concentration, and black carbon) in order to study air quality in rural communities. The focus of the investigations was to explore the application of mobile monitoring equipment in small-scale environments, compare the differences in rural air pollutants between two neighboring villages in two countries, and the identification of pollution hotspots.
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