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Defensive Effects of Lentinan In opposition to Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Mastitis inside Rodents.
A 3-mo-old male infant was referred to our hospital with micropenis. Since his serum LH, FSH, and testosterone levels were low ( less then 0.3 mIU/mL, 0.08 mIU/mL, and less then 0.03 ng/mL, respectively), Kallmann syndrome/normosmic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism was suspected. In the process of searching for complications of Kallmann syndrome/normosmic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, a right adrenal gland tumor was incidentally discovered. The patient was diagnosed with stage 1 neuroblastoma. A homozygous p.P147L (c.C440T) mutation in the KISS1R gene was detected as a cause of the congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. KISS1-KISS1R signaling, which is essential for GnRH secretion, exhibits anti-metastatic and/or anti-tumoral roles in numerous cancers. High KISS1 expression levels reportedly predict better survival outcomes than low KISS1 expression levels in neuroblastoma. Therefore, decreased KISS1-KISS1R signaling may have played a role in the neuroblastoma in this patient.[This corrects the article DOI 10.1297/cpe.25.71.].Central precocious puberty (CPP) is a condition in which the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal system is activated earlier than the normal developmental stage. The etiology includes organic lesions in the brain; however, in the case of idiopathic diseases, environmental and/or genetic factors are involved in the development of CPP. A genetic abnormality in KISS1R, that encodes the kisspeptin receptor, was first reported in 2008 as a cause of idiopathic CPP. Furthermore, genetic alterations in KISS1, MKRN3, DLK1, and PROKR2 have been reported in idiopathic and/or familial CPP. Of these, MKRN3 has the highest frequency of pathological variants associated with CPP worldwide; but, abnormalities in MKRN3 are rare in patients in East Asia, including Japan. MKRN3 and DLK1 are maternal imprinting genes; thus, CPP develops when a pathological variant is inherited from the father. The mechanism of CPP due to defects in MKRN3 and DLK1 has not been completely clarified, but it is suggested that both may negatively control the progression of puberty. CPP due to such a single gene abnormality is extremely rare, but it is important to understand the mechanisms of puberty and reproduction. A further development in the genetics of CPP is expected in the future.11-Oxyandrogens, such as 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT), 11-ketodihydrotestosterone (11-KDHT), 11β-hydroxytestosterone (11-OHT), 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione (11-OHA4), and 11-KA4, are newly specified human androgens. These 11-oxyandrogens are present in the cord blood and placenta, as well as in the blood of men and women of various ages, and are produced primarily in the adrenal gland. Accumulating evidence suggests that these steroids contribute to androgen excess in patients with 21-hydroxylase deficiency or polycystic ovary syndrome. More importantly, unlike classic androgens, 11-oxyandrogens produced in maternal tumors can pass through the placenta without being converted into estrogens, and cause severe virilization of female fetuses. Thus, overproduction of 11-oxyandrogens represents a new mechanism of 46,XX disorders of sex development. On the other hand, the physiological roles of 11-oxyandrogens remain to be clarified. This mini-review introduces the current understanding of 11-oxyandrogens, from the perspective of pediatric endocrinology.Recent studies have indicated that heterozygous loss-of-function variants in fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) are involved in the development of congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD). We encountered a Japanese boy with short stature and pubertal failure. Endocrine studies showed GH, TSH, and LH/FSH deficiencies, and brain magnetic resonance imaging delineated hypoplastic anterior pituitary and ectopic posterior pituitary. The patient was treated with GH, l-thyroxine, and hCG/rFSH. Next-generation sequencing panel for pituitary dysfunction identified a probably weak disease-associated heterozygous missense variant in FGFR1 (NM_023110.3c.176A>Tp.(Asp59Val)), together with a probably non-deleterious heterozygous missense variant in KISS1R (NM_032551.5c.769G>Cp.(Val257Leu)). We also review six previously reported CHPD patients with probably deleterious FGFR1 variants. The data, in conjunction with the previously reported cases, argue for the relevance of FGFR1 variants to the development of CPHD.Neonatal diabetes mellitus is a rare monogenic condition affecting 1 in 100,000-300,000 live births. Mutations in the subunits of ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels, which are the central gatekeepers of electrical activity, are the common cause of this condition, thereby reducing insulin secretion in the pancreatic beta cells. Most cases are diagnosed before 6 mo of age. The development of this condition in the latter half of the first year of life is rare; hence, testing in older infants is not routinely performed. Here, we describe the case of a patient who presented with neonatal diabetes mellitus and diabetic ketoacidosis at 10 mo of age. All the pancreatic autoantibodies were undetectable, prompting us to pursue genetic testing. At 13 yr of age, a heterozygous missense variant, C42R, was identified in the KCNJ11 gene by exome sequencing. Subsequently, sulfonylurea was initiated, and insulin therapy was discontinued that resulted in improved blood glucose control and increased C-peptide levels. Given the potential benefit of switching to oral medication, genetic testing should be extended to all infants diagnosed with antibody-negative diabetes before 1 yr of age.The natural stilbene compound resveratrol (RSV) was extracted and purified locally from the black grape skin (Vitis vinifera) cultivated in Iraq. Cultures of human peripheral lymphocytes were obtained from the blood samples of patients with and without lymphoma to be treated with RSV at different concentrations. Three RSV concentration levels were subjected to isolated lymphocytes from blood samples of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), and without lymphoma to estimate the change in TNF-α and IL-10. Resveratrol seemed to differently affect cytokines level in normal and lymphoma lymphocytes in relation to its concentration. The lowest resveratrol concentration (50 µg/ml) decreased TNF-α levels for patients without lymphoma and all NHL patients in contrast to the HL sample. Treating normal lymphocytes with a higher dose (1000 µg/ml) might elevate the levels of TNF-α in almost all samples. There was an inverse relationship between both cytokines in most treatments; with the increase in TNF-α level, there was a decrease in IL-10 level except in HL and normal lymphocytes treatment. The locally purified resveratrol could serve as a multi-target drug that modulates the immune system to improve body defense in patients suffering from lymphoma and in patients without lymphoma by altering cytokine levels in response to different resveratrol concentrations in a different manner.Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic, chronic, and inflammatory joint disease with oral complications. This research aimed to compare the oral health-related quality of life and decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) index in rheumatoid arthritis patients over 18 years with healthy individuals. In this study, 45 rheumatoid arthritis cases were assigned to the experimental group, and 45 healthy individuals were assigned to the control group. After completing biography forms, the participants filled out two questionnaires. These questionnaires included the Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14) and the Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI). Next, their teeth were clinically examined to check for caries. Compound 9 Finally, the data were analyzed statistically. RA and control groups were similar in gender, marital status, age, occupation, and level of education. However, a significant difference was observed between the two groups concerning DMFT (P less then 0.001) and total OHIP-14 score (P less then 0.001). Moreover, no significant difference was observed between the groups concerning the total GOHAI score (P=0.526). The oral health-related quality of life in rheumatoid arthritis patients was lower than that in the general population, with the rate of dental caries being higher in these patients.The auditory pathway is the main target for high levels of blood sugar. Increased glucose in diabetic patients can disrupt the auditory system physiologically and anatomically. The present study aimed to examine the prevalence of hearing loss in patients with type 2 diabetes. A total of 94 patients with type 2 diabetes, aged from 40 to 80 years, were selected randomly in the present descriptive cross-sectional study for pure tone audiometry (PTA), speech discrimination score (SDS), and speech reception threshold (SRT) tests. Accordingly, patients with a hearing threshold larger than or equal to 25 dB were considered hearing-impaired according to the PTA test. In addition, the patients' speech discrimination score was measured using a list of monosyllabic words with an intensity of 40 dB or more than the SDS test. However, in the SRT test, the patients' superficial speech comprehension threshold was measured using a list of two-syllable words. Most diabetic patients had hearing loss in both right and left ears based on the PTA and SRT tests. However, they did not have hearing loss in both ears according to the SDS test. There was no correlation between the PTA, SRT, and SDS tests and blood creatinine levels in both ears (p>0.05). Nevertheless, the right ear had a positive correlation with systolic blood pressure only in the PTA test (p less then 0.05). The difference between the two groups of men and women with type 2 diabetes in the hearing level in the right and left ears was not statistically significant. Hearing loss is a common deficiency in diabetic patients. In addition, it seems that diabetes is an independent risk factor for the hearing loss level.Since COVID-19 was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization, the scientific community has tried to protect the population from the infection and its effects through multiple lines of evidence. Patients at high risk of developing severe disease were advised to protect themselves and practice effective physical distancing. Phenotypes specific to this infection need to be reviewed to understand COVID-19 and its clinical manifestations. When the pandemic began, the scientific community was concerned with the unfavorable outcome of cases with pre-existing liver disease. There have been speculations about risk factors for severe diseases such as liver disease, age, gender, and association with obesity or diabetes.Tamoxifen is one of the most used drugs for breast cancer. This study aimed to investigate the effect of the Tamoxifen mechanism on the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) pathway among breast cancer patients due to its resistance to breast cancer cells. We selected the appropriate datasets from the GEO database using continuous and integrated bioinformatics analysis. We examined the signaling pathways, gene ontology, and protein association of genes after classifying the gene expression profile. Finally, we confirmed the candidate genes using the GEPIA database. Two groups were defined for gene expression profiles. The first group in which the expression profile of genes increased after Tamoxifen was evaluated using the expression profile of genes that decreased in the EMT pathway. The second group was the opposite of the first group. 253 genes in the first group and 302 genes in the second group were shared. The genes in the first group were involved in various pathways of cell death, focal adhesion, and cellular aging.
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