Notes

Fun ketamine-related deaths advised for the Country wide Programme on Abusing drugs Deaths, Britain, 1997-2019.
The 2021 Global Tuberculosis (TB) report shows slow progress towards closing the pediatric TB detection gap and improving the TB preventive treatment (TPT) coverage among child and adolescent contacts. This review presents the current knowledge around contact case management (CCM) in low-resource settings, with a focus on child contacts, which represents a key priority population for CCM and TPT. Compelling evidence demonstrates that CCM interventions are a key gateway for both TB case finding and identification of those in need of TPT, and their yield and effectiveness should provide a strong rationale for prioritization by national TB programs. A growing body of evidence is now showing that innovative models of care focused on community-based and patient-centered approaches to household contact investigation can help narrow down the CCM implementation gaps that we are currently facing. The availability of shorter and child-friendly TPT regimens for child contacts provide an additional important opportunity to improve TPT acceptability and adherence. Prioritization of TB CCM implementation and adequate resource mobilization by ministries of health, donors and implementing agencies is needed to timely close the gap.This article describes the importance of rearing insects, whether on a small scale for research or a large scale for mass rearing, for use in biological control (BC) programs with macro-organisms. These inter- or multidisciplinary research programs are necessarily long-term and depend on rearing techniques for their complete development. Some successful examples of BC in Brazil are presented, including case studies of Trichogramma spp. These required broad bioecological studies that provided the basis for both mass rearing and transfer of the necessary technology to farmers. This has allowed Brazil to occupy a leadership position in biological control in "Open Fields". For example, about three million ha are being treated with Trichogramma galloi (a native parasitoid), and about three and a half million ha with Cotesia flavipes (an exotic parasitoid) to control Diatraea saccharalis, the sugarcane borer. These natural enemies are produced by commercial firms, or by laboratories in sugar and alcohol plants themselves, in the case of C. flavipes.Induced resistance against SBPH via microbial pesticides is considered as an eco-friendly and promising management approach. In this study, the induced resistance against SBPH in rice seedling by a new potential microbial pesticide, decoyinine (DCY), a secondary metabolite produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus, was evaluated to investigate the effects of DCY on SBPH's biological and population parameters along with defense-related physiological and biochemical indices in rice against SBPH feeding. We found that DCY has potential to improve rice resistance and significantly reduced the fecundity of SBPH. Laboratory results revealed that DCY treated rice significantly changed SBPH's fecundity and population life table parameters. The concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), soluble sugars and malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly lower in DCY treated rice plants against SBPH infestation at 24, 48 and 96 hours post infestation (hpi), respectively. The concentrations of antioxidant enzymes, catalase (CAT) was significantly higher at 72 hpi, while super oxidase dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) concentrations were recorded higher at 96 hpi. The concentrations of synthases enzymes, phenyl alanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) was higher at 48 hpi, whereas polyphenol oxidase (PPO) concentration was maximum at 72 hpi against SBPH infestation. The results imply that DCY has unique properties to enhance rice resistance against SBPH by stimulating plant defensive responses. Microbial pesticides may be developed as an alternative to chemical pest control.Silkworm, Bombyx mori L., research involves studies on improving strains for enhanced sustainability of high-quality silk production. Several of these have investigated the factors affecting growth and development of silkworm larvae and cocoon characteristics that subsequently affect the yield and quality of silk. The gut microbiota has been reported to impact growth and development of silkworms and has been linked, in particular, with absorption and utilization of nutrients and immunity to diseases. The silkworm strains maintained in the Philippines lack sufficient biological data for use in strain improvement. This prompted efforts to augment the data by profiling bacterial communities through high-throughput 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and analysis in four of the local silkworm strains that are bred and maintained in the country. Results of the study showed that the four silkworm strains are abundant in bacteria that belong to the genera Pseudomonas, Sphingomonas, Delftia, Methylobacterium and Acinetobacter. Results also showed that bacterial diversity and evenness increase as larvae mature, which can be correlated to larval development and shifts in the amount and age of mulberry leaves the larvae consume.The red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Coleoptera Dryophthoridae) has become a key invasive pest and major threat to the palm tree worldwide. Several entomopathogenic fungi are used in insect biological control programs. In the present study, persistency of different local and exotic fungal isolates of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae was evaluated under UV-B irradiation with different exposure intervals. Several factors, including ultraviolet (UV) light, significantly decrease germination rate of fungi, as UV penetrates and damages their DNA. Several studies have investigated that UV-resistant conidia germinate better under harsh environmental conditions. Seven local and exotic fungi isolates ("BbSA-1", "BbSA-2", "BbSA-3", "MaSA-1", "BbIDN-1", "MaIDN-1", and "MaIDN-2") were tested in the current study under UV-B irradiation having different UV exposure times (i.e., 15, 30, 60, 120, 180, 240, and 300 min). The colony-forming unit (CFU) in each isolate was used to calculate the survival rate. Selleckchem Valemetostat Results indicated that survival rate of all the isolates decreased under UV-B irradiation for all exposure times compared to no exposure to UV-B irradiation. The CFU number decreased as the exposure time increased. Fungi isolates "MaSA-1", "BbSA-1", "BbSA-2", "MaIDN-1", and "MaIDN-2" could persist after 300 min exposure to UV-B, while the remaining isolates, such as "BbIDN-1", and "BbSA-3", could not persist after 300 min exposure to UV-B. The ultimate objective of the present research was to explore an ultraviolet-tolerant fungal isolate that might be useful in the field application for the sustainable management of the red palm weevil, which has become a key invasive pest in many regions rather than its native range. Most of the fungus isolates studied in the present work were collected from Saudi Arabia's Al-Qatif region, where the red palm weevil has infested more than ten thousand trees, worth millions of riyals.A new Burmese amber genus Maculixiusgen. nov. with its type species Maculixius jiewenaesp. nov. is described in the planthopper family Cixiidae. This new genus is unique in Burmese Cixiidae by its forewing venation, with Pcu and A1 merging in the middle of clavus, the late bifurcation of ScP+R slightly after this level, and the early CuA forking well before this level. Although the head capsule is missing, it belongs to the recently described tribe Acrotiarini, based on the pentacarinated mesonotum and the distinctly arched RA on forewing with cell C1 wider submedially than apically. Morphological characteristics of Acrotiarini are discussed, and a key to identification of Acrotiarini genera is provided. The new taxon broadens the knowledge of the tribe, and it underlines the already great diversity of the family in the Cretaceous.Deserts are characterized by unpredictable precipitation and extreme temperatures. Their fauna and flora are sensitive to anthropogenic environmental changes, and often recover slowly from environmental disasters. The effects of oil spills on the biota of desert regions, however, have scarcely been studied. We predicted that terrestrial invertebrates suffer long-term negative effects from an oil spill, due to their close association with the substrate. Thus, we investigated the effects of two oil spills that occurred in 1975 and 2014 in the hyper-arid 'Arava desert (Israel), on a spider that constructs silk-lined nests in burrows in compact, sandy soil in this extreme desert habitat. The spider, Sahastata aravaensis sp. nov. (Filistatidae), is described herein. We assessed spider burrow abundance in plots located in oil-contaminated and nearby uncontaminated clean soil (control) areas over five consecutive years and measured habitat characteristics in these plots. In the laboratory, we determined the preferenlasting. We propose that by monitoring their spatial distribution, burrow-dwelling spiders such as Sahastata can be used as effective bioindicators of soil pollution in desert habitats.Chelonus inanitus (L.) is an egg-larval parasitoid of noctuids Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) and S. littoralis (Boisduval), whose mass rearing or real potential has not been targeted yet. To improve the rearing in the factitious host Ephestia kuehniella Zeller, we investigated the influence of host age and number of females parasitizing simultaneously on the overall rearing success, the influence of host age on the life cycle, and the influence of host species on the parasitoid body size. The proportion of emerging C. inanitus was higher from young host eggs, but more females emerged from mature eggs. Under high parasitoid competition, we observed a reduction in non-parasitized hosts without reducing parasitoid emergence. The parasitoid life cycle was longer in females, but the mismatch between sexes was smaller in mature eggs. The parasitoid size was smaller in the factitious host than in the natural hosts. Under semi-field conditions, we investigated the competition among parasitoid females on the overall parasitism success. The reproductive parasitism was more successful in S. exigua than in S. littoralis, and the maximum emergence was reached with three and four females, respectively. The control of S. littoralis may be attributed to the high developmental mortality, a non-reproductive parasitism that is often underestimated.Bumblebees are key pollinators in agricultural landscapes. However, little is known about how gut microbial communities respond to anthropogenic changes. We used commercially produced colonies of buff-tailed bumblebees (Bombus terrestris) placed in three habitats. Whole guts (midgut, hindgut, and rectum) of B. terrestris specimens were dissected from the body and analyzed using 16S phylogenetic community analysis. We observed significantly different bacterial community composition between the agricultural landscapes (apple orchards and oilseed rape (Brassica napus) fields) and forest meadows, whereas differences in gut communities between the orchards and oilseed rape fields were nonsignificant. Bee-specific bacterial genera such as Lactobacillus, Snodgrassella, and Gilliamella dominated gut communities of B. terrestris specimens. In contrast, the guts of B. terrestris from forest meadows were dominated by fructose-associated Fructobacillus spp. Bacterial communities of workers were the most diverse. At the same time, those of males and young queens were less diverse, possibly reflecting greater exposure to the colony's inner environment compared to the environment outside the colony, as well as bumblebee age.
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