Notes

Bright Issue Integrity Underlies the actual Physical-Cognitive Connections throughout Summary Psychological Decrease.
Realizing that the potential of photodynamic therapy (PDT) is hindered by hypoxic microenvironment of tumor section, it is desirable to provide a cascade oxygenation strategy to enhance PDT.

The hydrophilic catalase protein was covalently linked to the hydrophobic photosensitizer Ce6 to form the nanocomplex Catalase-Ce6 with self-assembly. And the Catalase-Ce6 was loaded in the M1 macrophage vesicles (EVs) with GOX-modified to construct the nanosystem Catalase-Ce6@MEVs. The synergistic effects of PDT induced by Catalase-Ce6@MEVs were evaluated on the subcutaneous MFC tumor model.

The construction of Catalase-Ce6 not only solved the insoluble problem of Ce6, but also induced a cascade effects for hydrolyzing glucose and increasing the hydrogen peroxide content, achieving the purpose of oxygenated PDT. Cascade tumor targeting was also realized through the binding between vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) of tumor tissue and α4 integrin of EVs and enhanced vascular permeability, triggering by PDT. Besides, in vivo experiments found that the Catalase-Ce6@MEVs presented M2 macrophage polarization effect.

Catalase-Ce6@MEVs exhibit the cascade targeting ability after laser irradiation and prominent tumor treatment effect in vivo, which may provide new ideas and methods for targeted PDT in clinical practice.
Catalase-Ce6@MEVs exhibit the cascade targeting ability after laser irradiation and prominent tumor treatment effect in vivo, which may provide new ideas and methods for targeted PDT in clinical practice.
Inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) play an important role in lowering the risk of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, ICSs are known to increase the risk of pneumonia. find more Moreover, previous studies have shown that the incidence rate of pneumonia varies depending on the type of ICS. In this study, the risk of pneumonia according to the type of ICS was investigated in a population-based cohort.

A retrospective cohort study was conducted using claims data of the entire population from the Korean National Health Insurance Service. Patients who were newly diagnosed with COPD and prescribed fluticasone propionate or budesonide were enrolled as study subjects. Cumulative doses of ICSs were classified into categorical variables to analyze the risk of pneumonia within identical ICS doses.

A total of 47,473 subjects were identified and allocated as 14,518 fluticasone propionate and 14,518 budesonide users through 11 propensity score matching. Fluticasone propionate users were more likely to develop pneumonia than budesonide users (14.22% vs 10.66%, p<0.0001). The incidence rate per 100,000 person-years was 2,914.77 for fluticasone propionate users and 2,102.90 for budesonide users. The hazard ratio (HR) of pneumonia in fluticasone propionate compared to budesonide was 1.34 (95% CI 1.26-1.43, p<0.0001). The risk of pneumonia for fluticasone propionate compared to budesonide increased with higher ICS cumulative doses 1.06 (0.93-1.21), 1.41 (1.19-1.66), 1.41 (1.23-1.63), and 1.49 (1.33-1.66) from the lowest to highest quartiles, respectively.

ICS types and doses need to be carefully considered during treatment with ICSs in patients with COPD.
ICS types and doses need to be carefully considered during treatment with ICSs in patients with COPD.Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a disease with high incidence rate and mortality rates worldwide. It is the third leading cause of death in the world. Nevertheless, little progress has been made in treating and preventing the disease. Under these circumstances, the concept of "early COPD" was proposed. Although this concept is not new, most health-care workers do not fully understand early COPD and tend to confuse it with mild COPD. In this review, we mainly discuss the definition of early COPD and the developmental trajectory of lung function. Although patients with early COPD have no symptoms, their lung function is already lower than that of normal people. A relatively complete definition is needed to identify this group of people. Reduced lung function is the diagnostic criterion for COPD, but lung development is a long-term dynamic process. In addition to smoking and air pollution, we should pay more attention to prenatal and childhood risk factors, for example, parents smoking, birth weight, preterm birth, mode of delivery, childhood respiratory infections and childhood asthma. Health-care workers need to be fully aware of early COPD, to reduce the morbidity of COPD and take effective measures to prevent these risk factors.
Infections from the oral microbiome may lead to exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We investigated whether advanced dental cleaning could reduce exacerbation frequency. Secondary outcomes were disease-specific health status, lung function, and whether the bacterial load and composition of plaque microbiome at baseline were associated with a difference in outcomes.

One-hundred-one primary and secondary care patients with COPD were randomized to intervention with advanced dental cleaning or to dental examination only, repeated after six months. At baseline and at 12 months, data of exacerbations, lung function, COPD Assessment Test (CAT) score, and periodontal status were collected from questionnaires, record review, and periodontal examination. Student's
-test and Mann-Whitney-U (MWU) test compared changes in outcomes. The primary outcome variable was also assessed using multivariable linear regression with adjustment for potential confounders. Microbiome analyses of plaque saly predictive of an increased risk of worsened health status at 12 months (AUC = 0.723).

Advanced dental cleaning is associated with a reduced frequency of COPD exacerbations. Regular periodontal examination and dental cleaning may be of clinical importance to prevent COPD exacerbations.
Advanced dental cleaning is associated with a reduced frequency of COPD exacerbations. Regular periodontal examination and dental cleaning may be of clinical importance to prevent COPD exacerbations.[This corrects the article DOI 10.2147/COPD.S309041.].
In Ethiopia, the majority of hypertension cases remain undiagnosed, untreated, and uncontrolled. Beliefs about hypertension and its complications play an important role in hypertension management behaviors. Accurate assessment of individuals' beliefs towards the disease is of paramount importance in the design of hypertension education. This study aimed to develop and validate a hypertension belief assessment tool based on the Health Belief Model for the general population among rural adults in northwest Ethiopia.

The study included item construction, face and content validation, factor analysis, and establishment of reliability and validity of the tool. A total of 308 rural adults participated in the study. Inter-item and item-to-total correlations were used to examine the items assessed with the same content on a scale. Principal component analysis with promax rotation was used to extract the factors. Internal consistency reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Convergent and discrinsion for the rural adult population.
The hypertension belief assessment tool was found to be valid and reliable, which can be used to measure the health beliefs on hypertension for the rural adult population.
To outline the current impact of Canadian ophthalmology and vision science research as measured by novel research metrics.

Cross-sectional survey.

All Canadian ophthalmologists (n = 687) and vision scientists (n = 119) with an online bibliometric profile and academic appointment at a major ophthalmology training centre were included.

Faculty lists of Canada's 15 major academic ophthalmology departments were obtained. Faculty names, appointments, sex, and educational background were recorded. Elsevier's Scopus database was used to calculate H-index, m-quotient, and total citations for each faculty member. Details around grant funding were obtained through the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Funding Decisions Database.

Average H-indices were 7.42 ± 7.98 for ophthalmologists and 23.78 ± 15.25 for vision scientists. Higher academic appointment was correlated with higher h-indices and m-quotients (p <0.0001 for both). Most academic departments had significantly more males than females (avg. 71% male, 29% female); however, more equal ratios were seen in faculties in Quebec. No significant differences in research impact were identified between male and female ophthalmologists when controlled for academic appointment and career stage (p > 0.05). In clinical ophthalmology research, the top three departments with the highest average H-indices were Western University, the University of Toronto, and Dalhousie University. The University of British Columbia, Université de Montréal, and McGill University received the most funding from the CIHR in the last 10 years.

This study highlights the current scope of ophthalmology and vision science research in Canada. Important trends were identified in research productivity across academic rank, sex, and clinical subspecialty.
This study highlights the current scope of ophthalmology and vision science research in Canada. Important trends were identified in research productivity across academic rank, sex, and clinical subspecialty.Generalized lymphatic anomaly (GLA) is a rare congenital disorder of lymphatic development, presenting with multiple lymphatic malformations in different organs and tissues. Here, we present a case of a female neonate prenatally diagnosed with foetal hydrops and a mediastinal cystic lymphatic malformation that showed postnatal expansive and infiltrative growth into the major airways, compromising mechanical ventilation and further management of the neonate. Complications that arose during surgical treatment of mediastinal structures led to the patient's death. Lymphatic malformations were also noted in the skin at birth. Furthermore, a skin biopsy performed immediately after birth and the autopsy revealed an extremely rare diagnosis of combined macrocystic and microcystic forms of GLA with skin involvement.Nontuberculous mycobacteria are ubiquitous environmental organisms that are rare pathogens in immunocompetent individuals. However, cutaneous nontuberculous mycobacteria infections have been increasingly associated with invasive procedures, including surgery, liposuction, filler injection, intramuscular injection, mesotherapy, piercing, acupuncture, and cupping therapy. Herein, we report the first case of cutaneous nontuberculous mycobacteria infection caused by the East-Asian traditional treatment 'Gua Sha', also known as scraping, coining or spooning in English. A 35-year-old healthy female presented with widespread, painful skin nodules and pustules on her upper and lower extremities that had developed after Gua Sha treatment for body contouring. Histopathologic examination of the lesions revealed granulomatous inflammation in the dermis and the culture isolates were identified as Mycobacterium massiliense with molecular identification. The patient was successfully treated with intermittent incision and drainage of persistent nodules and oral clarithromycin based on antimicrobial susceptibility testing.
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