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The actual Specialist Across the street: Any Remarks on Relationships with Relatives and buddies During the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic.
Numeracy predicted overall superior memory (especially for risk probabilities) controlling for health literacy and education. It also indirectly predicted greater risk perceptions and quit intentions via memory. In exploratory analyses, however, the superior recall of risk probabilities of smoking among those higher in numeracy was associated with lower risk perceptions. PIM447 Conclusions Numeracy is associated with superior risk memory, which relates to greater risk perceptions and quit intentions. More numerate and educated smokers may be better able to quit due to their superior learning of smoking's risks. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Awe is an emotional response to perceptually vast stimuli that transcend one's current frames of reference. The psychological form and function of awe differ between two types positive-awe, which arises from perceptually aesthetic experiences (e.g., the beauty of nature, spiritual experiences, or the virtue of a leader), and threat-awe, which is triggered by threatening stimuli (e.g., natural disasters, wrathful god, or a leader's coercive charisma). Here, using functional MRI, we investigated common and distinct neural responses to experiences of positive- and threat-awe, elicited by watching awe-inspiring videos. We found that both awe experiences deactivated the left middle temporal gyrus (MTG) in contrast to control conditions (positive-awe vs. amusement; threat-awe vs. fear), which suggest that awe experiences generally involve the "schema liberation" process since the left MTG plays a critical role in matching existing schema to events. In addition, positive-awe was associated with increased functional connectivity between the MTG and the anterior/posterior cingulate cortex, which are associated with the aesthetic reward process, and the supramarginal gyrus (SMG), which is involved in the self-other representation. Threat-awe was associated with increased functional connectivity between the MTG and amygdala, which detects and processes threat stimuli, as well as between the amygdala and SMG. These findings suggest that the neural mechanisms underlying the complex psychological processes of awe vary as a function of the type of awe. The implications of these results regarding our understanding of the neural basis of awe and the future directions of human social cognition research are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Executive cognitive functioning (ECF) and trait impulsivity have long been implicated in risky drinking and alcohol-related problems. However, research on these constructs has developed independently. The present study tested whether two subdomains of adolescent ECF (updating and response inhibition) and adolescent trait impulsivity, considered separately and together, predicted young-adult risky drinking and alcohol-related problems. Data came from the Adolescent/Adult Family Development Project-a longitudinal study of the intergenerational transmission of alcohol use. Alcohol-naïve youth ages 11-17 (N = 249) completed three tasks tapping ECF subdomains of updating (letter-number sequencing, matrix span task) and inhibition (immediate memory task) and a self-reported measure of trait impulsivity (UPPS-P). Approximately 7 years later (ages 18-25), participants reported on their drinking behavior (maximum drinks in a day, heavy episodic drinking, alcohol-related problems). We tested whether adolescent ECF and trait impulsivity predicted young-adult drinking outcomes, separately and together. Results showed that poorer adolescent ECF (a latent factor) predicted more maximum drinks in a day (Incidence Rate Ratios [IRR] = 1.27, p = .001) but not young-adult heavy episodic drinking and alcohol-related problems. In contrast, adolescent trait impulsivity predicted all three outcomes maximum drinks in a day (IRR = 1.34, p less then .001), heavy episodic drinking (β = 0.27, p less then .001), and alcohol-related problems in young adulthood (IRR = 1.60, p = .001). Results were similar when adolescent ECF and trait impulsivity were considered together in the same model. Findings suggest that adolescent trait impulsivity is a robust predictor of young-adult risky drinking and alcohol-related problems. Adolescent ECF, and specifically response inhibition, may add predictive value over and above trait impulsivity for some alcohol outcomes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Heavy drinking in college increases risk for negative consequences. Among a national sample of high school abstainers and moderate drinkers, we hypothesized that the extent of heavy drinking among students on campus would be among the strongest predictors of first semester heavy drinking and consequences, relative to personal approval of alcohol use and sociability and impairment outcome expectancies. We expected these psychological factors to moderate effects of campus heavy drinking. Data from 90,455 abstainers and 97,168 moderate drinkers matriculating at 245 and 242 universities, respectively, were drawn from AlcoholEdu (EverFi, 2013), a web-based intervention completed by most first-year students at participating universities. Students reported alcohol use, approval, expectancies, and covariates prior to enrollment (Time 1). During the first semester (Time 2), abstinence, moderate drinking, or heavy drinking, and negative consequences experienced were reassessed. Campus heavy drinking reflected the percentage of other students attending the same school who engaged in heavy drinking at Time 2. In multilevel multinomial logistic regression models, campus heavy drinking was consistently among the strongest predictors of heavy drinking and consequences It predicted an 83% and 82% increase in risk of heavy drinking and a 106% and 91% increase in risk of consequences among students who were abstainers and moderate drinkers at Time 1, respectively. There were few interactions among campus heavy drinking and psychological factors. Post hoc analyses supported that students did not self-select into heavier drinking environments. Campus heavy drinking is a key predictor of first semester alcohol use and an important intervention target. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).The contagiousness and deadliness of COVID-19 have necessitated drastic social management to halt transmission. The immediate effects of a nationwide lockdown were investigated by comparing matched samples of New Zealanders assessed before (Nprelockdown = 1,003) and during the first 18 days of lockdown (Nlockdown = 1,003). Two categories of outcomes were examined (a) institutional trust and attitudes toward the nation and government and (b) health and well-being. Applying propensity score matching to approximate the conditions of a randomized controlled experiment, the study found that people in the pandemic/lockdown group reported higher trust in science, politicians, and police, higher levels of patriotism, and higher rates of mental distress compared to people in the prelockdown prepandemic group. Results were confirmed in within-subjects analyses. The study highlights social connectedness, resilience, and vulnerability in the face of adversity and has applied implications for how countries face this global challenge. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Previous studies indicate that pregnancy is associated with a mild impairment in verbal recall tasks, but the relative roles of item-specific and relational encoding processes have not been fully elucidated. The present study was specifically aimed at determining whether pregnancy had a differential impact on the use of these 2 types of encoding processes. The performance of pregnant, postpartum, and control women was assessed in the category-cued recall (Experiment 1 explicit memory) and category exemplar generation (Experiment 2 implicit memory) tasks, by simultaneously varying the number of exemplars presented during the study phase (1 exemplar for small categories, 6 exemplars for large categories). Control women showed the expected crossed double dissociation Performance in category-cued recall was better for small than for large categories (confirming that this task relied on the use of item-specific encoding processes), whereas repetition priming in category exemplar generation was higher for large than for small categories (confirming that this task relied on the use of relational encoding processes). For pregnant and postpartum women, no significant differences between small and large categories were detected in the category-cued recall task; furthermore, in the category exemplar generation task, these 2 groups exhibited greater priming for small category exemplars. Overall, our data suggest that pregnancy might involve complex changes in the use of item-specific and relational encoding processes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).An increase in the carrier density of semiconductor nanocrystals can gradually change the origin of the optical property from the excitonic transition to the localized surface plasmon resonances. Here, we present the evolution of the electronic transition of self-doped Ag2Se colloidal quantum dots, from the intraband transition to the localized surface plasmon resonances along with a splitting of the intraband transition (1Pe-1Se). The minimum fwhm of the split intraband transition is only 23.7 meV, which is exceptionally narrow compared to that of metal oxide nanocrystals showing LSPRs, inferring that the electron-electron scattering is significantly suppressed due to the smaller carrier density. The splitting of the intraband transition mainly results from the asymmetrical crystal structure of the tetragonal Ag2Se CQDs and becomes distinct when the nanocrystal changes its crystal structure from the cubic to tetragonal structure. Maximizing the discrete energy levels in the quantum dot along with mixing with plasmonic characters may provide opportunities to fully harness merits of both the quantum confinement effect and localized surface plasmon resonance characters.To better understand the wetting of cross-linked polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), we measured advancing and receding contact angles of sessile water drops on cross-linked PDMS as a function of contact line velocity (up to 100 μm/s). Three types of samples were investigated pristine PDMS, PDMS where oligomers were removed by toluene treatment, and PDMS with an enriched concentration of oligomers. Depending on the velocity of advancing contact lines and the contact time with water, different modes of wetting were observed one with a relatively low contact angle hysteresis (Δθ ≈ 10°) and one with a larger hysteresis. We attribute the low hysteresis state, called the lubricated state, to the enrichment of free oligomers at the water-PDMS interface. The enrichment of oligomers is induced by drop contact. The kinetics of the transition to the lubricated state can be described by adaptation theory. PDMS adapts to the presence of water by an enrichment of free oligomers at the interface and a correlated reduction in interfacial tension.2,2,2-Trifluoroethyl-substituted 3-oxazolines, 3-thiazolines, and 5,6-dihydro-2H-1,3-oxazines have been obtained by reacting substituted vinyl azides with a combination of Togni's reagent and substoichiometric amounts of iron(II) chloride. The results of density functional theory calculations support the proposed mechanism involving 1,n-hydrogen-atom transfer reactions.
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