Notes

Evolutionary along with practical relationships in the ribosome biogenesis SBDS along with EFL1 health proteins family members.
Results indicated that among racial/ethnic concordant therapeutic dyads, longer length of treatment was associated with better quality of working alliance as evaluated by objective raters. Implications for clinical practice and future research on racial/ethnic concordance studies linked to the length of treatment are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).In a simultaneous discrimination, pigeons are presumed to learn to about the correct stimulus, but they may also learn to avoid the incorrect stimulus. Similarly, in a conditional discrimination, they are presumed to learn about the relation between the sample stimulus and the correct comparison stimulus but not about the incorrect comparison stimulus. In the present research, we encouraged pigeons to learn about the incorrect comparison stimulus by increasing, over trials, the number of correct comparison stimuli with one sample, to compare with increasing the number of incorrect comparison stimuli over trials with the other sample. In Experiment 1, using colors and shapes, we found no difference in acquisition between the 2 sample types. However, when we replaced either the correct or incorrect comparison from training with a novel stimulus, the pigeons showed that they had learned to avoid the incorrect comparison when there were multiple correct comparisons and to select the single correct comparison when there were multiple incorrect comparisons. In Experiment 2, using national flags as stimuli, when tested with a novel flag stimulus, once again, the pigeons learned about the single correct comparison but not about the multiple incorrect comparisons. However, with the other sample, they appeared to learn about both the multiple correct comparisons and about the single incorrect comparison. This research indicates that pigeons can show considerable flexibility in what they learn in a conditional discrimination. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).The rat is a common animal model used to uncover the neural underpinnings of decision making and their disruption in psychiatric illness. Here, we ask if rats can perform a decision-making task that assesses self-control by delayed gratification in the context of diminishing returns. In this task, rats could choose to press one of two levers. One lever was associated with a fixed delay (FD) schedule that delivered reward after a fixed time delay (10 s). The other lever was associated with a progressive delay (PD) schedule; the delay increased by a fixed amount of time (1 s) after each PD lever press. Rats were tested under two conditions a reset condition where rats could reset the PD schedule back to its initial 0-s delay by pressing the FD lever and a no-reset condition in which resetting the PD schedule was unavailable. We found that rats adapted behavior within reset sessions by delaying gratification to obtain more reward in the long run. That is, they selected the FD lever with the longer delay to reset the PD delay back to zero prior to the equality point, thus achieving more reward over the course of the session. These results are consistent with other species, demonstrating that rats can also maximize the net rate of reward by selecting an option that is not immediately beneficial. Moreover, use of this task in rodents might provide insights into how the brain governs normal and abnormal behavior, as well as treatments that can improve self-control. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).We theorized that from the perspective of U.S. Black Americans, a connection to Black ancestry-and the historical hardship associated with that ancestry-plays an important role in racial categorization. We found support for this across six studies. In Studies 1-3, participants categorized targets with Black ancestry and White experiences or targets with White ancestry and Black experiences. U.S. Black Americans' (more than non-Black Americans') racial categorizations were influenced by Black ancestry (more than by White ancestry). In Study 4, we replicated this effect under extreme conditions (e.g., even when targets had Black ancestry and were phenotypically, socially, culturally, self-identified, and advantaged as White for eighty years, U.S. Black Americans categorized them as Black). In Study 5, U.S. Black Americans were more likely than U.S. White Americans to associate their racial ancestry with hardship, and individual differences in those associations predicted the extent to which U.S. Black Americans categorized the target with Black ancestry and White experiences as Black. In Study 6, participants categorized a target with Black ancestry and ancestral hardship (i.e., their ancestors were kidnapped from Africa and experienced slavery) or a target with Black ancestry and ancestral success (i.e., their ancestors immigrated from Africa and experienced upward mobility). U.S. Black Americans (unlike U.S. selleck chemicals White Americans) were more identified with the target with ancestral hardship. Collectively, our research suggests that from the perspective of U.S. Black Americans, the collective Black experiences of the past continue to shape the Black collective of the present. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).Information stored in memory influences the formation of preferences and beliefs in most everyday decision tasks. The richness of this information, and the complexity inherent in interacting memory and decision processes, makes the quantitative model-driven analysis of such decisions very difficult. In this article we present a general framework that can address the theoretical and methodological barriers to building formal models of naturalistic memory-based decision making. Our framework implements established theories of memory search and decision making within a single integrated cognitive system, and uses computational language models to quantify the thoughts over which memory and decision processes operate. It can thus describe both the content of the information that is sampled from memory, as well as the processes involved in retrieving and evaluating this information in order to make a decision. Furthermore, our framework is tractable, and the parameters that characterize memory-based decisions can be recovered using thought listing and choice data from existing experimental tasks, and in turn be used to make quantitative predictions regarding choice probability, length of deliberation, retrieved thoughts, and the effects of decision context. We showcase the power and generality of our framework by applying it to naturalistic binary choices from domains such as risk perception, consumer behavior, financial decision making, ethical decision making, legal decision making, food choice, and social judgment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).Recent experiments reveal that 6- to 12-month-old infants can learn probabilities and reason with them. In this work, we present a novel computational system called Neural Probability Learner and Sampler (NPLS) that learns and reasons with probabilities, providing a computationally sufficient mechanism to explain infant probabilistic learning and inference. In 24 computer simulations, NPLS shows how probability distributions can emerge naturally from neural-network learning of event sequences, providing a novel explanation of infant probabilistic learning and reasoning. Three mathematical proofs show how and why NPLS simulates the infant results so accurately. The results are situated in relation to seven other active research lines. This work provides an effective way to integrate Bayesian and neural-network approaches to cognition. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is often comorbid with both substance use disorders (SUD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), yet frequently goes undiagnosed and untreated. We present data on the feasibility and acceptability of objective OSA diagnosis procedures, findings on OSA prevalence, and the relationship between OSA and baseline SUD/PTSD symptoms among veterans in residential treatment for comorbid PTSD/SUD.

Participants were 47 veterans admitted to residential PTSD/SUD treatment. Participants completed questionnaires assessing PTSD and sleep symptoms, and filled out a sleep diary for seven days. Apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) was recorded using the overnight Home Sleep Apnea test (HSAT; OSA was diagnosed with AHI ≥ 5).

Objective OSA diagnostic testing was successfully completed in 95.7% of participants. Of the 45 veterans who went through HSAT, 46.7% had no OSA, 35.6% received a new OSA diagnosis, and 8.9% were previously diagnosed with OSA and were using positive airway pressure treatment (PAP); an additional 8.9% were previously diagnosed with OSA, reconfirmed with the HSAT, but were not using PAP. One hundred percent of respondents during follow-up deemed the testing protocol's usefulness as "Good" or "Excellent."

OSA diagnostic testing on the residential unit was feasible and acceptable by participants and was effective in diagnosing OSA. OSA testing should be considered for everyone entering a SUD and PTSD residential unit. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
OSA diagnostic testing on the residential unit was feasible and acceptable by participants and was effective in diagnosing OSA. OSA testing should be considered for everyone entering a SUD and PTSD residential unit. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
The virulence of COVID-19 has been particularly problematic in countries such as Spain. This led the government to decide that the population should be locked down at home to reduce the spread of the disease and avoid the collapse of the health system. Considering this, this study analyzed the changes in intimate relationships that occurred during lockdown in terms of dyadic adjustment, conflict, and quality of the relationship, as well as their relationship with anxiety symptoms.

Cross-sectional questionnaire-based study with adults (
= 342) aged 20-67 years who lived in Spain. Each participant completed self-report measures of anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory state and trait subscales), dyadic adjustment (Dyadic Adjustment Scale), relationship conflict and quality, and sociodemographic variables.

The results showed significant levels of state anxiety, which was associated with poorer dyadic adjustment and a decrease in the perceived quality of relationships since the start of lockdown. Increased partner conflict seems to be an important predictor of dyadic adjustment and relationship quality during social isolation.

This study suggests that the COVID-19 pandemic has negatively affected the mental health of the population, especially women. This finding is closely associated with difficulties with one's cohabiting partner (e.g., worse dyadic adjustment), but the most determining factor seems to be the previous state of the relationship. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
This study suggests that the COVID-19 pandemic has negatively affected the mental health of the population, especially women. This finding is closely associated with difficulties with one's cohabiting partner (e.g., worse dyadic adjustment), but the most determining factor seems to be the previous state of the relationship. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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