Notes

Mental profile of Ancient greek language medical professionals: distinctions among several specialties.
After adjusting for all covariates, including offspring's alcohol consumption and witnessing parental intoxication during adolescence, AUD risk remained elevated and statistically significant (adjusted odds ratio = 2.34, 95% confidence interval = 1.14, 4.85) for offspring from the constellation characterized by at least weekly binge drinking, low education, and poor mental health in both parents.

Weekly binge drinking by both parents was associated with future AUD risk among community offspring in Norway when clustered with additional parental risks such as poor mental health and low educational attainment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Weekly binge drinking by both parents was associated with future AUD risk among community offspring in Norway when clustered with additional parental risks such as poor mental health and low educational attainment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Heavy episodic drinking (HED) and high-intensity drinking (HID) are common in young adulthood but pose unique risks. Quantitative studies have used the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and the Prototype-Willingness Model (PWM) to understand decision-making processes underlying alcohol misuse. However, our understanding of intentions (plans) and willingness (openness) for HED/HID is in its nascent stages. This study represents the first qualitative examination of relationships between intentions and willingness to engage in HED/HID.

We conducted individual interviews among 28 young adult high-intensity drinkers (12 male, 15 female, 1 trans male; M age = 23 years). Interviews focused on HED/HID events with open-ended questions examining (a) variability in intentions/willingness by occasion and within a drinking event; (b) formation of intentions for consumption and/or intoxication; and (c) interplay of willingness and intentions on heavy drinking nights. Verbatim transcripts were coded within NVivo software that intentions for both consumption and intoxication levels be assessed, particularly in studies aiming to examine impaired control. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Substance use treatment for adolescents may decrease not only substance use, but also other related outcomes such as externalizing behaviors. Although positively correlated to substance use in youth, externalizing behaviors are not commonly measured as outcomes in the context of substance use treatment. This study seeks to generalize the outcomes of substance use treatment to externalizing behaviors in a sample of Latino/a adolescents who participated in a randomized clinical trial.

Secondary data analysis was conducted using a longitudinal mixed model to test the outcomes of two versions of a cognitive-behavioral substance use treatment (i.e., standard and culturally accommodated) on externalizing behaviors. Participants were Latino/a adolescents (
= 70) diagnosed with a substance use disorder randomized into one of the two study conditions.

The results indicated that Latino/a adolescents in both treatment conditions significantly decreased in self-reported externalizing behaviors from pretreatment to 12-months posttreatment.

Implications from this study suggest that participation in substance use treatment for Latino/a adolescents may also generalize to other outcomes such as externalizing behaviors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Implications from this study suggest that participation in substance use treatment for Latino/a adolescents may also generalize to other outcomes such as externalizing behaviors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
This study systematically reviews the systematic review (SR) evidence on mental health recovery from the perspective of adults with mental illness.

Web of Science, ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, CINAHL, PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus, and the libraries of the Cochrane Collaboration, Campbell Collaboration, and Joanna Briggs Institute were searched to identify eligible SRs including qualitative primary research. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/solcitinib.html Two reviewers independently conducted data extraction and quality assessment. Overlap of primary studies was calculated. A framework for recovery was generated using reflexive thematic analysis.

An ecological model of recovery that included elements of psychological well-being was generated from 25 studies bridging personal/clinical, individual/social, and process/outcome conceptualizations of recovery. The first theme was a definition of recovery as a transformation from a negative identity state marked by despair, brokenness, and helplessness to a positive state of psychological well-being. Thi by discussing interventions that may promote the personal and social conditions of recovery. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).Objective Psychotic disorders are serious illnesses that are most amenable to early intervention. Though inpatient units are typically the first care setting for young people with psychosis, almost all early intervention work has been limited to outpatient settings. Social difficulties are a core feature of psychotic illnesses, and despite need for empirically supported social-skills treatments there are few interventions intended specifically for the developmental phase during which psychosis manifests (i.e., late teenage to early adult years). Method Our group implemented an adapted social-skills training intervention (SST) designed for young adults on a psychiatric inpatient unit. Nineteen young adult inpatients (aged 18-35) with psychosis participated. Psychiatric symptoms and aspects of social functioning, including reported social self-efficacy and performance on social skills role-plays, were assessed before and after SST participation. Results Preliminary data demonstrate improvements in both self-report and performance-based measures of social functioning after SST participation. Conclusions and Implications for Practice These findings, though preliminary, support additional, larger-scale investigations of this SST among young adults with psychosis. Further, multidisciplinary collaborations are valuable in providing specialized care for young adults with psychosis who are receiving inpatient psychiatric care. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).Background Recovery-oriented, strengths-based intervention engages service users' strengths and resources to support their recovery process. This model was developed in an American context and has been applied in Hong Kong. It is important to formulate an understanding of strengths better fit to Hong Kong Chinese. Aims This exploratory qualitative study examined Hong Kong Chinese service users' views on strengths and preferred translation for the word strengths, along with its cultural nuances. Method Twenty-six people with serious mental illnesses were individually interviewed at a mental health center in Hong Kong, based on a photo-elicitation technique and reflection on Chinese terms related to strengths. Analysis of data employed the constant comparative method. Results Participants reported that social factors, such as support by helping professionals and engagement in family roles, as well as spiritual beliefs and practices, are important for recovery. These insights and their preferred translations of strengths generate a culturally nuanced understanding of strengths. Conclusions & Implications for Practice The strengths model applied in Hong Kong can be enhanced by a more culturally nuanced perspective, for example, including the importance of family-based identity and filial piety, beliefs related to harmony and fate, and practices such as a temple or church attendance. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).In conversation, turns follow each other with minimal gaps. To achieve this, speakers must launch their utterances shortly before the predicted end of the partner's turn. We examined the relative importance of cues to partner utterance content and partner utterance length for launching coordinated speech. In three experiments, Dutch adult participants had to produce prepared utterances (e.g., vier, "four") immediately after a recording of a confederate's utterance (zeven, "seven"). To assess the role of corepresenting content versus attending to speech cues in launching coordinated utterances, we varied whether the participant could see the stimulus being named by the confederate, the confederate prompt's length, and whether within a block of trials, the confederate prompt's length was predictable. We measured how these factors affected the gap between turns and the participants' allocation of visual attention while preparing to speak. Using a machine-learning technique, model selection by k-fold cross-validation, we found that gaps were most strongly predicted by cues from the confederate speech signal, though some benefit was also conferred by seeing the confederate's stimulus. This shows that, at least in a simple laboratory task, speakers rely more on cues in the partner's speech than corepresentation of their utterance content. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).False beliefs can spread within societies even when they are costly and when individuals share access to the same objective reality. Research on the cultural evolution of misbeliefs has demonstrated that a social context can explain what people think but not whether it also explains how people think. We shift the focus from the diffusion of false beliefs to the diffusion of suboptimal belief-formation strategies and identify a novel mechanism whereby misbeliefs arise and spread. We show that, when individual decision makers have access to the data-gathering behavior of others, the tendency to make decisions on the basis of insufficient evidence is amplified, increasing the rate of incorrect, costly decisions. We argue that this mechanism fills a gap in current explanations of problematic, widespread misbeliefs such as climate change denial. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).When people choose products based on online reviews, they show a "popularity bias," overweighting review sample size relative to rated quality. We propose a novel account of this effect based on a causal attribution process, whereby people often interpret larger samples as a proxy for product quality. To test the account, participants in two experiments were asked to rate their product preference based on online reviews showing mean quality scores and review sample sizes for pairs of products. When no explanation for different sample sizes was supplied, we replicated the popularity bias; the product with the larger sample was chosen, even when quality scores modestly favored the alternative. However, as predicted, when sample size differences were explained by a factor unrelated to quality (e.g., time on the market), the popularity bias was substantially reduced. We discuss the implications for models of choice based on social information. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).Loss aversion is a fundamental tenet of behavioral economics and has led to many real-world applications. These applications, and some laboratory studies, show that people perform better under loss-avoidance than under gain incentives. This increased performance under loss-avoidance incentives has ubiquitously been explained by the notion that loss aversion causes people to exert more effort to avoid losses than to obtain gains. Only limited work, however, has directly examined whether people indeed choose to exert more effort to avoid losses than to obtain gains. Our primary aim was therefore to test this proposition. In an experiment with adults (N = 32) and in a subsequent experiment with children and adolescents (N = 29), we found that participants indeed exerted more effort to avoid losses than to obtain numerically equivalent gains. The effect sizes were large, with the effect being evident for most individual participants. As a secondary aim, in the study with adults, we also investigated whether the greater effort to avoid losses related to loss aversion measured using a task involving choices between prospects.
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