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Background Hyaluronic acid (HA) is major physiological component of the extracellular matrix, which, in its high molecular weight form (HMW-HA) has anti-inflammatory properties. The diffusion of many different medical devices for inhalation therapy containing HA has led to an increase in their prescription, also in children. Here, we systematically review the published evidence on the efficacy and safety of HA for the treatment of upper and lower airway diseases in childhood. Methods Relevant published studies (randomized controlled trials) for the efficacy of HA inhalation in children with upper airways diseases, asthma, cystic fibrosis (CF), and non-CF bronchiectasis were searched in Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Knowledge databases by combining the adequate Medical Subject Headings terms and keywords, with no limit for the year of publication. Results We identified seven relevant publications for upper airways diseases, one for asthma, and five for CF, while we found no clinical trial including children with non-CF bronchiectasis. Meta-analysis was not conducted due to the heterogeneity of the included studies. Conclusions The evidence of HA efficacy in the treatment of the upper and lower airways is still limited in children. Available data suggest that inhaled HMW-HA could be useful in the treatment of recurrent upper respiratory infections and chronic or recurrent inflammation of the middle ear and adenoids as well as of the lower airways in cystic fibrosis in association with hypertonic saline solution. Studies on larger populations and on the different formulations and nebulization methods, especially in pediatric age, are urgently needed.Drought is one of the major stress factors in wheat production on a global scale. Drought priming during the early growth stage can enhance drought tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Abscisic acid (ABA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) are important signal molecules in the adaptation of plants to drought stress. However, the roles of ABA and H2 O2 in drought priming-induced drought tolerance are not clear. In the present study, we evaluated the responses of wheat to an ABA inhibitor, H2 O2 scavenger and inhibitor to investigate the (1) relationship between ABA and H2 O2 in osmotic adjustment after drought priming in the vegetative stage and (2) responses to drought stress during grain filling. In the drought priming-only treatments, chemical application resulted in the scavenging of ABA and H2 O2 , weakening the alleviation effects of drought priming on drought stress, as demonstrated by the lower leaf water potential and grain yield. The ABA inhibitor completely inhibited the accumulation of ABA and H2 O2 , ABA inhibitor inhibited the respiratory burst oxidase homologs expression, whereas the H2 O2 inhibitor resulted in a higher 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase expression and ABA concentration in primed plants, indicating that ABA scavening inhibited H2 O2 biosynhtesis while H2 O2 scavenging did not inhibit ABA biosynthesis. The results further demonstrated that NADPH oxidase-mediated H2 O2 production functions downstream of ABA, and this induces osmolyte transcript expression and accumulation and thus contributes to drought priming-induced stress tolerance. These results provide a theoretical basis for a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in drought priming-induced tolerance in wheat plants.The trajectory of nitrogen availability in terrestrial ecosystems over the past century is still poorly understood due to a lack of monitoring and proxy-based reconstructions. For the Northern Great Plains, Brookshire et al. (citation) analyze satellite-based reconstructions of greenness and foliar nutrition and isotopic composition from herbarium samples. I propose that their results of greater productivity coupled with reduced N availability are part of an inflection in our understanding of the global N cycle. Despite assertions of general global eutrophication, much of the terrestrial biosphere appears to be experiencing reduced N availability.Alternative splicing (AS) provides the primary mechanism for producing protein diversity. There is growing evidence that AS is involved in the development and progression of cancers. The rapid accumulation of high-throughput sequencing technologies and clinical data sets offers an opportunity to systematically profile the relationship between mRNA variants and clinical outcomes. However, there is a lack of systematic analysis of alternative splicing in prostate cancer. Download RNA-Seq data and clinical information from the TCGA data portal. Evaluate RNA splicing patterns by SpliceSeq and calculate splicing percentage (PSI) values. Different expressions are identified as events (DEAs) based on PSI values. Bioinformatics methods are used for further analysis of DEAs and their splicing networks. Kaplan-Meier, Cox proportional regression and unsupervised cluster analysis are used to assess the correlation between DEAs and clinical characteristics. A total of 43834 AS events were identified, of which 1628 AS events were differentially expressed. The parental genes of these DEAs played a significant role in the regulation of prostate cancer-related processes. 226 DEAs events were found to be associated with DFS (disease-free survival). Four clusters of molecules with different survival modes were revealed by unsupervised cluster analysis of DEAs. AS events may be important determinants of prognosis and bio-modulation in prostate cancer. We have established strong prognostic predictors and discovered a splicing network that may be a potential mechanism and provided further validated therapeutic targets.Macrophages maintain a dynamic balance in physiology. Various known or unknown microenvironmental signals influence the polarization, activation and death of macrophages, which creates an imbalance that leads to disease. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by the massive infiltration of a variety of chronic inflammatory cells in synovia. Abundant activated macrophages found in RA synovia are an early hallmark of RA, and the number of these macrophages can be decreased after effective treatment. In RA, the proportion of M1 (pro-inflammatory macrophages) is higher than that of M2 (anti-inflammatory macrophages). The increased pro-inflammatory ability of macrophages is related to their excessive activation and proliferation as well as an enhanced anti-apoptosis ability. At present, there are no clinical therapies specific to macrophages in RA. Understanding the mechanisms and functional consequences of the heterogeneity of macrophages will aid in confirming their potential role in inflammation development. This review will outline RA-related macrophage properties (focus on polarization, metabolism and apoptosis) as well as the origin of macrophages. The molecular mechanisms that drive macrophage properties also be elucidated to identify novel therapeutic targets for RA and other autoimmune disease.There are limited data on cardiovascular (CV) efficacy and safety of type 2 diabetes (T2D) therapies in Japan, where treatments are characterized by lower metformin use and higher dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor (DPP4i) use versus other countries. We investigated the CV outcomes in Japanese patients with T2D initiating sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) matched 11 to patients initiating other glucose-lowering drugs (oGLD) (33,890 patients/group) or DPP4i (9,876 patients/group). SGLT2i initiation was associated with lower risks (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval]) of in-hospital death (death) (0.56 [0.47-0.67]), hospitalization for heart failure (HHF) (0.75 [0.64-0.89]), composite of HHF or death (0.65 [0.58-0.74]) and stroke (0.66 [0.52-0.84]) versus oGLDs, and lower risks of death (0.52 [0.36-0.73]) and composite of HHF or death (0.65 [0.51-0.83]) versus DPP4i. In conclusion, SGLT2i initiators had lower risks of CV events versus oGLD initiators and, uniquely, versus DPP4i initiators in Japanese real-world practice.Lignin is a poly-aromatic polymer contained in the plant cell wall, and it is considered the most abundant non-carbohydrate polymer on Earth. The aromaticity and richness of its functional groups render lignin an attractive starting biomacromolecule for conversion into a variety of value-added products. The development of successful strategies for lignin valorisation infers the design of effective depolymerisation protocols. Most research on lignin depolymerisation have focused on batch-mode processing, whereas only a few studies have tackled such lignin transformation in continuous reactor systems. In the present paper, we highlight the emerging developments within the concept of continuous lignin processing and the challenges remaining in realising the efficient valorisation of lignin using this technology concept. A special focus is set on the hydrothermal conversion of technical lignin under continuous-flow conditions, together with suggestions for future research.Background We aimed to evaluate anxiety among children with cystic fibrosis (CF) and their mothers related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods A total of 45 patients with CF and their mothers were enrolled in the study together with 90 age-matched healthy children and their mothers as a control group. The State and Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was administered by teleconference with children aged 13 to 18 years old and their mothers. The STAI for children was administered with children aged 9 to 12 years. Results were compared with age-matched healthy children and their mothers. The relationship between anxiety scores of children with CF and their mothers was evaluated by comparing with clinical data of children with CF. At the conclusion of the teleconference, mothers were asked whether their anxiety had changed as a result of the interview. Results It was found that healthy children aged 13 to 18 years had higher state anxiety scores than age-matched children with CF. Mothers of children with CF had higher trait anxiety scores, especially those of children aged 0 to 12 years, than mothers of healthy children (P less then .05). For mothers of children with CF, state anxiety scores were higher among those whose children had chronic Pseudomonas infection (P less then .05). Most mothers of children with CF stated that their anxiety decreased following the interview. PI3K inhibitor Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic may increase anxiety among mothers of children with CF as well those with healthy children. However, COVID-19 had no effect on the anxiety of children with CF. Informing parents of children with CF about COVID-19 by teleconference may decrease anxiety.Intralesional immunotherapy by different antigens has shown promising efficacy and safety in the treatment of warts. However, the use of these antigens for the treatment of plane warts has been investigated in 2 studies only. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of three antigens; Measles Mumps, Rubella vaccine (MMR), Candida antigen, and purified protein derivative (PPD) in the treatment of multiple plane warts. The study included 120 patients who were randomly assigned to three groups, 40 patients in each group. Each agent was injected intralesionally at a dose of 0.1 mL into the largest wart at 2-week intervals until complete clearance or for a maximum of 5 sessions. Complete clearance of warts was observed in 55% of the PPD group, in 70% of the Candida antigen group and in 62.5% of the MMR group. No statistically significant difference in the therapeutic response was found between the three groups. Intralesional antigen immunotherapy seems to be a promising well-tolerated and effective therapeutic option for the treatment of multiple plane warts, with relatively higher efficacy of Candida antigen.
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