Notes

25 years or so regarding RIFE * a brief history along with features.
S-GECS transplantation into a rat acute myocardial infarction model improved cardiac function and reduced the fibrotic area. These cardioprotective effects were confirmed to be related with the SDF-1α/CXCR4 pathway. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that paracrine factors secreted from transplanted cells may protect host cardiomyoblasts in the infarcted myocardium, contributing to beneficial left ventricle (LV) remodeling after acute myocardial infarction (AMI).BACKGROUND Microparasitic diseases are caused by bacteria and viruses. Genetic improvement of resistance to microparasitic diseases in breeding programs is desirable and should aim at reducing the basic reproduction ratio [Formula see text]. Recently, we developed a method to derive the economic value of [Formula see text] for macroparasitic diseases. In epidemiological models for microparasitic diseases, an animal's disease status is treated as infected or not infected, resulting in a definition of [Formula see text] that differs from that for macroparasitic diseases. Here, we extend the method for the derivation of the economic value of [Formula see text] to microparasitic diseases. METHODS When [Formula see text], the economic value of [Formula see text] is zero because the disease is very rare. When [Formula see text]. is higher than 1, genetic improvement of [Formula see text] can reduce expenditures on vaccination if vaccination induces herd immunity, or it can reduce production losses due to disease. Wter a disease challenge. In livestock, the potential for genetic improvement is small for epidemic microparasitic diseases, where disease control measures limit possibilities for phenotyping. This is not an issue in aquaculture, where controlled challenge tests are performed in dedicated facilities. If genetic evaluations include infectivity, genetic gain in [Formula see text] can be accelerated but this would require different testing designs. CONCLUSIONS When [Formula see text], its economic value is zero. The economic value of [Formula see text] is highest at low values of [Formula see text] and approaches zero at high values of [Formula see text].Background The purpose of the present study was to examine the chemopreventive effect of stampidine, an aryl phosphate derivative of stavudine, in side by side comparison with the standard anti-breast cancer drug paclitaxel in the well-established 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced murine breast cancer model.Methods Groups of 20 female mice were challenged with the DMBA. DMBA-challenged mice were assigned to various chemoprevention treatments, including stampidine, paclitaxel, and stampidine plus paclitaxel according to the same treatment schedules for 25 weeks.Results Stampidine resulted in substantially reduced numbers of tumors, tumor weight as well as tumor size in DMBA-treated mice. Stampidine was as effective as paclitaxel in the model and their combination exhibited greater chemopreventive activity, as measured by reduced tumor incidence and improved tumor-free survival as well as overall survival of DMBA-treated mice. The length of time for the initial tumor to appear in DMBA-challenged mice treated with stampidine was longer than that of mice treated DMBA-challenged control mice. Tumors from mice treated with stampidine or stampidine plus paclitaxel displayed unique changes of a signature protein cassette comprised BRCA1, p21, Bax, and Bcl-2.Conclusion Stampidine has potent chemopreventive activity and is as effective as the standard chemotherapy drug paclitaxel in the chemical carcinogenesis.Shoulder instability has varying mechanisms of injury, direction, and severity. Classification systems based on clustering signs and symptoms have been developed to define subgroups of shoulder instability. Despite this attempt at homogeneity, multidirectional instability (MDI) suffers from the same lack of diagnostic clarity as low back pain. In this Viewpoint, the authors outline 3 key areas to address when diagnosing MDI patient interview, medical comorbidities, and specific shoulder tests and measures. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2020;50(2)52-54. doi10.2519/jospt.2020.0602.A 35-year-old woman was referred to physical therapy by her primary care physician for right calf pain with gradual onset over 1 year. Following examination, the patient underwent 2 months of treatment; given limited progress, the patient was referred to an orthopaedist. Radiographs revealed several phleboliths and magnetic resonance imaging revealed an intramuscular vascular mass within the lateral gastrocnemius. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2020;50(2)110. doi10.2519/jospt.2020.9091.OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between sustaining a second anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury and (1) time to return to sport, (2) symmetrical muscle function, and (3) symmetrical quadriceps strength at the time of return to sport in young athletes after primary ACL reconstruction. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. METHODS Patient demographics and results from 5 tests of muscle function (2 strength tests and 3 hop tests) were extracted from a rehabilitation registry. A questionnaire was sent to athletes (15-30 years old) who were involved in knee-strenuous sport before the injury and had undergone primary ACL reconstruction to determine time of return to knee-strenuous sport (preinjury Tegner Activity Scale score of 6 or greater). We used the Cox proportional hazard regression model to analyze time to event. RESULTS One hundred fifty-nine (32% of the initial sample) athletes (mean ± SD age, 21.5 ± 4.4 years; 64% female) were included. Athletes with a higher preinjury Tegner Activity Scale score had a higher rate of second ACL injury (hazard ratio = 2.1; 95% confidence interval 1.2, 3.6; P less then .01). Athletes who returned to knee-strenuous sport before 9 months after reconstruction had a higher rate of second ACL injury (hazard ratio = 6.7; 95% confidence interval 2.6, 16.7; P less then .001). There was no association between symmetrical muscle function or quadriceps strength and second ACL injury. CONCLUSION Returning to knee-strenuous sport before 9 months after ACL reconstruction was associated with an approximately 7-fold increased rate of sustaining a second ACL injury. Achieving symmetrical muscle function or quadriceps strength was not associated with new ACL injury in young athletes. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2020;50(2)83-90. doi10.2519/jospt.2020.9071.OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between baseball participation and health (musculoskeletal, general, and psychological health) and to identify research gaps in the existing literature. DESIGN Systematic scoping review. LITERATURE SEARCH Medical databases and gray literature were systematically searched from inception to November 2018. MSAB STUDY SELECTION CRITERIA All studies that investigated constructs related to the health of current or former baseball players were included. DATA SYNTHESIS Data were extracted for thematic summaries. RESULTS Ten thousand five hundred seventy-four titles/abstracts were screened, and 678 studies were included. Ninety percent of articles included only baseball players playing in the United States, 34% of articles investigated professional baseball players, and 11% studied college baseball players. Five hundred eighty-three (86%) studies investigated musculoskeletal health, 77 (11%) general health, and 18 (3%) psychological health. Injury incidence (injuries per 1000 athlete exposures) ranged from 0.7 to 3.6 in professional, 4.7 to 5.8 in college, and 0.8 to 4.0 in high school baseball. Among baseball players, 31% to 50% reported regular tobacco use. There was limited research investigating psychological health in current or former baseball players at all competition levels. CONCLUSION Almost 90% of all articles investigated musculoskeletal health, with few articles studying general or psychological health. Baseball players have high tobacco, alcohol, and drug use compared to the general population, which may have negative health outcomes. Little is understood about the long-term musculoskeletal, general, and psychological health of baseball players. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2020;50(2)55-66. doi10.2519/jospt.2020.9281.OBJECTIVE The primary aim was to compare time from acute hamstring strain injury (HSI) to return-to-play (RTP) clearance following a standardized rehabilitation protocol performed within either pain-free or pain-threshold limits. Secondary aims were to compare isometric knee flexor strength, biceps femoris long head (BFLH) fascicle length, fear of movement, and reinjury occurrence at the 6-month follow-up between pain-free and pain-threshold groups. DESIGN Randomized controlled trial. METHODS Forty-three men with acute HSIs were randomly allocated to a pain-free (n = 22) or pain-threshold (n = 21) rehabilitation group. Days from HSI to RTP clearance, isometric knee flexor strength, BFLH fascicle length, fear of movement, and reinjury occurrence at the 6-month follow-up were reported. RESULTS Median time from HSI to RTP clearance was 15 days (95% confidence interval [CI] 13, 17) in the pain-free group and 17 days (95% CI 11, 24) in the pain-threshold group, which was not significantly different (P = .37). Isometric knee flexor strength recovery at 90° of hip and 90° of knee flexion was greater in the pain-threshold group at RTP clearance by 15% (95% CI 1%, 28%) and by 15% (95% CI 1%, 29%) at 2-month follow-up, respectively. Improvement in BFLH fascicle length from baseline was 0.91 cm (95% CI 0.34, 1.48) greater at 2-month follow-up in the pain-threshold group. Two reinjuries occurred in both the pain-free and pain-threshold groups between RTP clearance and the 6-month follow-up. CONCLUSION Pain-threshold rehabilitation did not accelerate RTP clearance, but resulted in greater recovery of isometric knee flexor strength and better maintenance of BFLH fascicle length, compared to pain-free rehabilitation. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2020;50(2)91-103. Epub 28 Jun 2019. doi10.2519/jospt.2020.8895.A 61-year-old woman was referred to physical therapy by a podiatrist who suspected a posterior tibialis degenerative tear. To further examine the irritable posterior tibial nerve, a musculoskeletal ultrasound examination was performed, showing a vascularized focal lesion suggestive of a nerve tumor. The patient was referred back to the referring podiatrist, who ordered magnetic resonance imaging, which confirmed the schwannoma of the posterior tibialis nerve. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2020;50(2)111. doi10.2519/jospt.2020.9103.We are pleased to introduce JOSPT Cases, a peer-reviewed, online quarterly journal that will launch in 2020. Case reports have educational value in their descriptions of practice that clinicians can immediately relate to and apply. Well-written cases reflect inquiry, problem solving, and clinical decision making from examination and diagnosis through treatment and outcomes. By creating a case-based forum for clinically relevant discussion, while maintaining the scientific rigor that characterizes the flagship journal, JOSPT, we believe that JOSPT Cases will significantly improve the translation of research to practice in the field of rehabilitation. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2020;50(2)50-51. doi10.2519/jospt.2020.0101.
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