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This approach will allow for a systematic investigation of single-cell and tissue dynamics in response to defined mechanical and bio-molecular cues and is ultimately scalable to full organs.The typically the Haber-Bosch process of nitrogen (N2 ) reduction to ammonia (NH3 ) production, expends a lot of energy, resulting in severe environmental issues. Electro-catalytic N2 reduction to NH3 formation by renewable resources is one of the effective ways to settle the issue. However, the electro-catalytic performances and selectivity of catalysts for electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) are very low. Therefore, it is of great significance to develop more efficient electro-catalysts to satisfy the needs of practical use. Among the reported catalysts, those based on Group VIII noble metals heterogeneous catalysts display excellent NRR activities and high selectivity because of their good conductivity, rich active surface area, unfilled d-orbitals, and the abilities with easy adsorption of reactants and stable reaction intermediates. Herein, we will introduce the progress of Group VIII precious metals heterogeneous catalysts applied in the electrocatalytic N2 reduction reaction. Then single precious metal electrocatalysts, precious metal alloy electrocatalysts, heterojunction structure electrocatalysts, and precious metal compounds based on the strategies of morphology engineering, crystal facet engineering, defect engineering, heteroatom doping, and synergetic interface engineering will be discussed. Bromoenol lactone order Finally, the challenges and prospects of the NH3 synthesis have been put forward. In the review, we will provide helpful direction to the development of effective electro-catalysts for catalytic N2 reduction reaction.
Whether non-sentinel lymph node (SLN)-positive melanoma patients can benefit from completion lymph node dissection (CLND) is still unclear. The current study was performed to identify the prognostic role of non-SLN status in SLN-positive melanoma and to investigate the predictive factors of non-SLN metastasis in acral and cutaneous melanoma patients.

The records of 328 SLN-positive melanoma patients who underwent radical surgery at four cancer centers from September 2009 to August 2017 were reviewed. Clinicopathological data including age, gender, Clark level, Breslow index, ulceration, the number of positive SLNs, non-SLN status, and adjuvant therapy were included for survival analyses. Patients were followed up until death or June 30, 2019. Multivariable logistic regression modeling was performed to identify factors associated with non-SLN positivity. Log-rank analysis and Cox regression analysis were used to identify the prognostic factors for disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS).

AmND than those with non-SLN-negative melanoma. The Breslow index, Clark level, and number of positive SLNs were independent predictive factors for non-SLN status.
Non-SLN-positive melanoma patients had worse DFS and OS even after immediate CLND than those with non-SLN-negative melanoma. The Breslow index, Clark level, and number of positive SLNs were independent predictive factors for non-SLN status.We develop a transparent and efficient two-stage nonparametric (TSNP) phase I/II clinical trial design to identify the optimal biological dose (OBD) of immunotherapy. We propose a nonparametric approach to derive the closed-form estimates of the joint toxicity-efficacy response probabilities under the monotonic increasing constraint for the toxicity outcomes. These estimates are then used to measure the immunotherapy's toxicity-efficacy profiles at each dose and guide the dose finding. The first stage of the design aims to explore the toxicity profile. The second stage aims to find the OBD, which can achieve the optimal therapeutic effect by considering both the toxicity and efficacy outcomes through a utility function. The closed-form estimates and concise dose-finding algorithm make the TSNP design appealing in practice. The simulation results show that the TSNP design yields superior operating characteristics than the existing Bayesian parametric designs. User-friendly computational software is freely available to facilitate the application of the proposed design to real trials. We provide comprehensive illustrations and examples about implementing the proposed design with associated software.Photoacoustic/Optoacoustic tomography aims to reconstruct maps of the initial pressure rise induced by the absorption of light pulses in tissue. This reconstruction is an ill-conditioned and under-determined problem, when the data acquisition protocol involves limited detection positions. The aim of the work is to develop an inversion method which integrates denoising procedure within the iterative model-based reconstruction to improve quantitative performance of optoacoustic imaging. Among the model-based schemes, total-variation (TV) constrained reconstruction scheme is a popular approach. In this work, a two-step approach was proposed for improving the TV constrained optoacoustic inversion by adding a non-local means based filtering step within each TV iteration. Compared to TV-based reconstruction, inclusion of this non-local means step resulted in signal-to-noise ratio improvement of 2.5 dB in the reconstructed optoacoustic images.Optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging shows a significant potential in clinical routines due to its noninvasive property. However, the quality of OCT images is generally limited by inherent speckle noise of OCT imaging and low sampling rate. To obtain high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and high-resolution (HR) OCT images within a short scanning time, we presented a learning-based method to recover high-quality OCT images from noisy and low-resolution OCT images. We proposed a semisupervised learning approach named N2NSR-OCT, to generate denoised and super-resolved OCT images simultaneously using up- and down-sampling networks (U-Net (Semi) and DBPN (Semi)). Additionally, two different super-resolution and denoising models with different upscale factors (2× and 4×) were trained to recover the high-quality OCT image of the corresponding down-sampling rates. The new semisupervised learning approach is able to achieve results comparable with those of supervised learning using up- and down-sampling networks, and can produce better performance than other related state-of-the-art methods in the aspects of maintaining subtle fine retinal structures.
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