Notes

Virtual class visits to decrease psychosocial distress and also racial disparities in pediatric vitiligo and also alopecia areata patients.
To systematically review studies on refractive error after phacovitrectomy and phacoemulsification and to investigate factors associated with larger error.

A literature search was performed using PUBMED and EMBASE until May 2020. The articles were included in the study if they reported data about refractive error as the difference in spherical equivalent between actual vs. target refraction in patients who underwent phacovitrectomy and phacoemulsification according to the type of biometry (ultrasound or optical). An inverse variance meta-analysis technique was used to pool errors; standard deviations (SDs), which are an expression of random error, were reported descriptively as median and range of the 95% coefficient of reproducibility (95% CR 1.96 SD).

Twenty-one studies (197,353 eyes) were included. The mean error obtained using optical biometry was negligible for phacoemulsification (0.04 D, 95% CI -0.04 to 0.12; 8 studies, 587 eyes) and was consistent with larger datasets using mixed biometric metho as benchmark for quality assurance.
Phacovitrectomy causes a mild myopic shift compared to phacoemulsification, which is clinically relevant only with ultrasound biometry. Furthermore, our review provides estimates of fixed and random error for postoperative vs. target spherical equivalent as a continuous variable, that is easy to use as benchmark for quality assurance.The COVID-19 pandemic forced most U.S. healthcare systems to quickly pivot to virtual care. However, since peaking in late April, care has largely shifted back to in-person. Health systems are now challenged to further develop and integrate useful, usable, and sustainable virtual care tools into their broader care model in ways that benefit their organizations and the communities they serve.Adiponectin receptors, AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 exert anti-diabetic effects. Although muscle-specific disruption of AdipoR1 has been shown to result in decreased insulin sensitivity and decreased exercise endurance, it remains to be determined whether upregulation of AdipoR1 could reverse them in obese diabetic mice. Here, we show that muscle-specific expression of human AdipoR1 increased expression levels of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative stress-detoxification to almost the same extents as treadmill exercise, and concomitantly increased insulin sensitivity and exercise endurance in obese diabetic mice. Moreover, we created AdipoR-humanized mice which express human AdipoR1 in muscle of AdipoR1·R2 double-knockout mice. Most importantly, the small-molecule AdipoR agonist AdipoRon could exert its beneficial effects in muscle via human AdipoR, and increased insulin sensitivity and exercise endurance in AdipoR-humanized mice. This study suggests that expression of human AdipoR1 in skeletal muscle could be exercise-mimetics, and that AdipoRon could exert its beneficial effects via human AdipoR1.Cytochrome P450 (CYP) heme monooxygenases require two electrons for their catalytic cycle. For mammalian microsomal CYPs, key enzymes for xenobiotic metabolism and steroidogenesis and important drug targets and biocatalysts, the electrons are transferred by NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (CPR). No structure of a mammalian CYP-CPR complex has been solved experimentally, hindering understanding of the determinants of electron transfer (ET), which is often rate-limiting for CYP reactions. Here, we investigated the interactions between membrane-bound CYP 1A1, an antitumor drug target, and CPR by a multiresolution computational approach. We find that upon binding to CPR, the CYP 1A1 catalytic domain becomes less embedded in the membrane and reorients, indicating that CPR may affect ligand passage to the CYP active site. Despite the constraints imposed by membrane binding, we identify several arrangements of CPR around CYP 1A1 that are compatible with ET. selleck chemical In the complexes, the interactions of the CPR FMN domain with the proximal side of CYP 1A1 are supplemented by more transient interactions of the CPR NADP domain with the distal side of CYP 1A1. Computed ET rates and pathways agree well with available experimental data and suggest why the CYP-CPR ET rates are low compared to those of soluble bacterial CYPs.
Men with early-onset prostate cancer are at increased risk for cancer-related mortality, yet the prevalence and spectrum of molecular alterations in this patient population is unknown. Here, we analyze comprehensive genomic profiling data to characterize the molecular drivers of early-onset prostate cancer in patients with clinically advanced and metastatic disease.

Next-generation sequencing was ordered as a part of routine clinical care for 10,189 patients with prostate cancer between 02/2013 and 03/2020 using commercially available comprehensive genomic profiling.

Deidentified genomic data for 10,189 unique patients with prostate cancer were obtained (median age = 66 y, range = 34-90 y). 439 patients were ≤50y (4.3%), 1928 patients were between ages of 51 and 59y (18.9%), and 7822 patients were ≥60y (76.8%). Of metastatic biopsy sites, lymph node, liver, and bone were the most common in all groups, accounting for 60.2% of all specimens. Overall, 97.4% of patients harbored pathologic genomic alterations. The most commonly altered genes were TP53, TMPRSS2-ERG, PTEN, AR, MYC, MLL2, RAD21, BRCA2, APC, SPOP, PIK3CA, RB1, MLL3, CDK12, ATM, and CTNNB1. Patients ≤50 y harbored significantly more TMPRSS2-ERG fusions than patients ≥60 y, while AR copy number alterations as well as SPOP and ASXL1 mutations were significantly less frequent.

Clinically advanced and metastatic early-onset prostate cancer is a distinct clinical subgroup with characteristic genomic alterations including increased frequency of TMPRSS2-ERG fusions and fewer AR, SPOP, and ASXL1 alterations.
Clinically advanced and metastatic early-onset prostate cancer is a distinct clinical subgroup with characteristic genomic alterations including increased frequency of TMPRSS2-ERG fusions and fewer AR, SPOP, and ASXL1 alterations.
Polygenic hazard scores (PHS) can identify individuals with increased risk of prostate cancer. We estimated the benefit of additional SNPs on performance of a previously validated PHS (PHS46).

180 SNPs, shown to be previously associated with prostate cancer, were used to develop a PHS model in men with European ancestry. A machine-learning approach, LASSO-regularized Cox regression, was used to select SNPs and to estimate their coefficients in the training set (75,596 men). Performance of the resulting model was evaluated in the testing/validation set (6,411 men) with two metrics (1) hazard ratios (HRs) and (2) positive predictive value (PPV) of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing. HRs were estimated between individuals with PHS in the top 5% to those in the middle 40% (HR95/50), top 20% to bottom 20% (HR80/20), and bottom 20% to middle 40% (HR20/50). PPV was calculated for the top 20% (PPV80) and top 5% (PPV95) of PHS as the fraction of individuals with elevated PSA that were diagnosed with clinically significant prostate cancer on biopsy.

166 SNPs had non-zero coefficients in the Cox model (PHS166). All HR metrics showed significant improvements for PHS166 compared to PHS46 HR95/50 increased from 3.72 to 5.09, HR80/20 increased from 6.12 to 9.45, and HR20/50 decreased from 0.41 to 0.34. By contrast, no significant differences were observed in PPV of PSA testing for clinically significant prostate cancer.

Incorporating 120 additional SNPs (PHS166 vs PHS46) significantly improved HRs for prostate cancer, while PPV of PSA testing remained the same.
Incorporating 120 additional SNPs (PHS166 vs PHS46) significantly improved HRs for prostate cancer, while PPV of PSA testing remained the same.Breast cancer (BC) is the most prevalent malignant neoplasm among women and is the fifth most common cause of cancer-associated death worldwide. Acquired chemoresistance driven by genetic and epigenetic alterations is a significant clinical challenge in treating BC. However, the mechanism of BC cell resistance to adriamycin (ADR) remains to be elucidated. In this study, we identified the methyltransferase-like 3/microRNA-221-3p/homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2/Che-1 (METTL3/miR-221-3p/HIPK2/Che-1) axis as a novel signaling event that may be responsible for resistance of BC cells to ADR. A dual-luciferase reporter gene assay was employed to test the presence of miR-221-3p binding sites in the 3'UTR of HIPK2. Drug resistance was evaluated by immunoblotting multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). Cultured ADR-resistant MCF-7 cells were assayed for their half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values and apoptosis using an MTT assay and Annexin V-FITC/PI-labeled flow cytometry, and the cells were then xenografted into nude mice. METTL3 knockdown was shown to reduce the expression of miR-221-3p by reducing pri-miR-221-3p m6A mRNA methylation, thereby reducing the IC50 value of ADR-resistant MCF-7 cells, reducing the expression of MDR1 and BCRP, and inducing apoptosis. Mechanistically, miR-221-3p was demonstrated to negatively regulate HIPK2 and upregulate its direct target Che-1, thus leading to enhanced drug resistance in ADR-resistant MCF-7 cells. In vitro results were reproduced in nude mice xenografted with ADR-resistant MCF-7 cells. Our work elucidates an epigenetic mechanism of acquired chemoresistance in BC, in support of the METTL3/miR-221-3p/HIPK2/Che-1 axis as a therapeutic target for the improvement of chemotherapy.In this research, dispersion of a new type of one-dimensional inorganic material Nb2Se9, composed of van der Waals bonds, in aqueous solution for bio-application study were studied. To disperse Nb2Se9, which exhibits hydrophobic properties in water, experiments were carried out using a block copolymer (poloxamer) as a dispersant. It was confirmed that PPO, the hydrophobic portion of Poloxamer, was adsorbed onto the surface of Nb2Se9, and PEO, the hydrophilic portion, induced steric hinderance to disperse Nb2Se9 to a size of 10 nm or less. To confirm the adaptability of muscle cells C2C12 to the dispersed Nb2Se9 using poloxamer 188 as dispersant, a MTT assay and a live/dead assay were performed, demonstrating improvement in the viability and proliferation of C2C12 cells.The function of neuronal circuits relies on the properties of individual neuronal cells and their synapses. We propose that a substantial degree of synapse formation and function is instructed by molecular codes resulting from transcriptional programmes. Recent studies on the Neurexin protein family and its ligands provide fundamental insight into how synapses are assembled and remodelled, how synaptic properties are specified and how single gene mutations associated with neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders might modify the operation of neuronal circuits and behaviour. In this Review, we first summarize insights into Neurexin function obtained from various model organisms. We then discuss the mechanisms and logic of the cell type-specific regulation of Neurexin isoforms, in particular at the level of alternative mRNA splicing. Finally, we propose a conceptual framework for how combinations of synaptic protein isoforms act as 'senders' and 'readers' to instruct synapse formation and the acquisition of cell type-specific and synapse-specific functional properties.
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