Notes

Optimal Enter Representation inside Sensory Systems at the Edge of Mayhem.
Research on attachment theory holds that insecure attachment influences people's daily social and emotional experiences. Mindfulness meditation and loving-kindness meditation have been associated with improvements in physical and mental well-being often through their influence on emotion experience and regulation. Yet, little research has examined how emotional well-being may be improved in insecurely attached individuals through meditation practice. We suspected that the emotion profiles of anxious and avoidant attachment may shift with meditation training, both across time and on a particular day. Improving emotional well-being may be especially consequential for those most at risk for negative health outcomes in late life. A diverse community sample of midlife adults raised in low-SES homes (N = 113; 55% white, 87.5% female) completed daily emotion reports for 10 weeks, during which they received 6 weeks of meditation training, randomized to either loving-kindness or mindfulness meditation practice. Results from growth curve analyses revealed that individuals with greater attachment anxiety and randomized to mindfulness meditation reported significant increases over time in positive emotions alongside decreases in negative emotions. Those high in attachment avoidance reported significant decreases in negative emotions in both meditation groups. On the daily level, within-person dose-response analyses revealed that individuals with greater attachment anxiety showed the most consistent dose-response relations between the duration of either meditation practice and same-day increases in positive emotions and decreases in negative emotions. These findings highlight how meditation interventions can shift emotion profiles of insecurely attached midlife adults who are at heightened risk for late life chronic illnesses. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).Research on cultural variation in emotion values and beliefs has usually explained this variation in terms of individualism and collectivism, typically comparing European American against East Asian cultural contexts. This study examined emotion model variability across as well as within cultural contexts in a large sample of young adults of Latino heritage along with people of European and East Asian heritage. Using latent class analysis, we characterized and predicted endorsement of emotion models, distinguishing emotion ideals (the emotions one desires) from beliefs about injunctive norms for emotion (the emotions one believes are appropriate). Students from three universities in different regions of the United States (N = 1,618; 490 of European heritage, 463 of Asian heritage, 665 of Latino heritage) provided data on the desirability and appropriateness of experiencing 19 specific emotions in daily life, as well as their U.S. cultural orientation and sociodemographic characteristics. Four distinct classes/models of emotion desirability and four classes/models of emotion appropriateness emerged. Latent class regression demonstrated that endorsement of emotion models was systematically related to heritage group membership and mainstream cultural orientation. Findings suggest meaningful within-group heterogeneity in emotion models and highlight the ways in which emotion models among people of Latino heritage are both similar to and distinct from models among people of European and Asian heritage. By developing a more nuanced understanding of between- and within-group variation in emotion models and highlighting the Latin American form of collectivism as in need of further research, this study advances cultural psychology, affective science, and their integration. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).This work examines strategic factors that impact women's intention to express anger. Research suggests that women express anger to a lesser extent than they experience it (Hyers, 2007; Swim et al., 2010), and we focus on the role of gender stereotypes in this phenomenon. We differentiate two "routes" by which gender stereotypes can lead women to avoid expressions of anger. First, in the stereotype disconfirmation route, women become motivated to avoid expressing anger because it supposedly disconfirms stereotypical prescriptions for women to be kind and caring. We also identify a stereotype confirmation route, in which women avoid anger expressions because anger confirms the stereotype that women are overly emotional. Across three experimental studies (Nstudy1 = 558, Nstudy2 = 694, Nstudy3 = 489), we show that women experienced anger about gender inequality, but were relatively reluctant to express the anger they felt. That is, there was evidence for an "Anger Gap." Feminists in particular showed a large Anger Gap when it was suggested that anger might confirm stereotypes. This work demonstrates that stereotype information introduces strategic concerns that women must take into account when deciding whether to express anger about gender inequality. Additionally, this work highlights that the notion that anger confirms a stereotype can be as powerful in discouraging anger expressions as the idea (identified in previous work) that anger may disconfirm stereotypes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).Undocumented Latinx immigrants (ULIs) comprise a large segment of the U.S. population, yet they remain at high risk for diminished health outcomes due to increased exposure to adverse experiences and context. Transnational family separation and the distress that accompanies it is an example of a common adverse experience that is chronic and that impacts the lives of many ULIs. However, despite how chronic and central transnationalism is to the lives of ULIs, little is known about its relation to the health outcomes of ULIs. To that end, this study examined the relation between distress due to transnational family separation and the physical and mental health of ULIs. Selleck Acetalax To do so, the study utilized respondent-driven sampling and path analysis methodologies to cross-sectionally examine how distress from transnational separation was related to the physical and mental health of ULIs (n = 229). Results revealed that as distress from transnational family separation increased so too did participant's depressive (β = .25, p less then .001), anxiety (β = .18, p = .006), and physical symptoms (β = .24, p less then .0001). Distress from transnational family separation was also more strongly related to physical and depressive symptoms than to anxiety symptoms. Considering these results, important systemic changes to our approach to healthcare delivery and access among ULIs communities are needed to promote the well-being of this at-risk population. Recommendations for doing so are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).The measures against the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, such as lockdown, pose a major challenge to those who manage work and caregiving demands. Drawing on social cognitive theory, which emphasizes the critical role of self-referent thought and human agency in overcoming obstacles and striving toward goals, the present longitudinal study (prepandemic, during lockdown, and postlockdown) investigated work-family balance self-efficacy (WFBSE) and work-family balance (WFB) among working informal caregivers of older adults (i.e., those who manage paid work and informal eldercare) during the COVID-19 pandemic (N = 132). As hypothesized, prepandemic WFBSE was positively associated with the level of WFB during lockdown. Prepandemic WFBSE also mitigated the relationship between perceived work demands and WFB as well as the relationship between perceived difficulty to use technology for caregiving and WFB during lockdown. Prepandemic WFBSE, however, did not buffer the relationship between perceived caregiving demands and WFB and the relationship between perceived difficulty to use technology for work and WFB. We also observed that WFB during lockdown was associated with increased postlockdown WFBSE. Collectively, our research reiterates the relevance and utility of self-efficacy in the crisis context and provides empirical evidence for the proposition that positive changes may occur in the face of adversity. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).Integration of experimental analyses of behavior and neuroscience provides an interpretation of a substantial number of the diverse behavioral deficits observed within the autism spectrum. To that end, the behavioral and neural conditions under which experience changes the environmental guidance of behavior are first described, that is, the conditions under which learning occurs. These findings lead to the conclusion that acquired reinforcers-events that function as reinforcers as the result of individual experience-satisfy the same requirements and ultimately engage the same neural system as unconditioned reinforcers. Acquired reinforcers are critical to the development of complex behavior and some of the behavioral problems seen in autism may be due to these deficits. Specific consequences of these deficits are described-including effects on automatic reinforcement, joint control, and joint attention. Environmental as well as genetic factors can produce neurodevelopmental errors that impair acquired reinforcement and a possible such factor is identified. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).Memorializes Jerome Kagan (1929-2021). Jerome Kagan was born on February 25, 1929, in Newark, NJ. Jerry's initial search for stable constructs focused on the cognitive. In articles in the 1960s, he examined the extent to which children formed analytic concepts, and whether they acted reflectively or impulsively. Jerry published the Matching Familiar Figures Test (MFF) in 1965, which led to a spate of articles by Jerry and others on the uses of the MFF and on the dimension of reflection-impulsivity-groundbreaking work that can still inform research on what has more recently been termed executive function. In 1984, with his then-graduate student Cynthia Garcia-Coll, Jerry described a group of children who were vigilant when confronted with novelty, low on approach behavior and hesitant to speak in social situations. He suggested that this cluster of behaviors (and measured physiological reactivity) reflected a temperamental trait that they called behavioral inhibition. Jerry went on to study physiological reactions to threat among behaviorally inhibited children, their interactions with unfamiliar peers, and their developing personalities, with multiple longitudinal cohorts. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).At the turn of the 20th century, researchers and clinicians compared case studies of patients diagnosed with hysteria and mediums who claimed to channel spirits based on alterations they observed in their sense of self. Yet, notwithstanding its early promise, this comparative approach to such "nonordinary experiences" (NOEs) was never fully realized due to disciplinary siloing and the challenges involved in comparing culture-laden accounts. Today, psychologists tend to reify constructs, such as religious or spiritual, extraordinary (e.g., psychical, paranormal, anomalous, or exceptional), and psychopathological. In doing so, they face an unresolved challenge experiences with phenomenologically distinct features may be appraised similarly within a culture (i.e., viewed as evidence for the same culturally specific construct) and experiences that share phenomenological features may be appraised differently across cultures. Here, we call for a renewed approach to comparing NOEs across cultures that prioritizes subjectively recognizable features instead of constructs.
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