Notes

A compound area guide to histone nonenzymatic modifications.
ttee of the National Research Centre in Egypt (NRC) under the registration number 15225.

The authors declare no competing financial interests.
The authors declare no competing financial interests.
Mining, waste disposal, and agrochemical residues have contributed to pollution of water and soil with toxic metals in most low- and middle-income countries, raising concerns of ecological safety and public health. This has prompted many studies into the production and utilization of biochars to adsorb toxic metal contaminants from soil and water.

The present study presents a review of biochar properties, the mechanisms of toxic metal adsorption onto biochar, and sorption of toxic metal contaminants in water and soil in small scale applications and laboratory experiments.

A total of 305 articles were collected, and after screening for relevance, a final of 164 articles from both high- and low- and middle-income countries were used in this review paper.

Biochar for sorption has proven effective and its raw materials are readily available, cost effective, environmentally stable and a good form of waste management.

Different techniques of biochar production influence the properties of biochar and adsorption of toxic metals from water and soil.

The authors declare no competing financial interests.
The authors declare no competing financial interests.
The kidney is the first target organ of heavy metal toxicity due to its capacity to reabsorb and accumulate divalent metals. Hemodialysis therapy is used to purify the blood of individuals with impaired kidney function.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between dialysis fluid quality and the health of hemodialysis patients.

A field sampling program was conducted to collect blood samples from 320 hemodialysis patients (56% males and 44% females) in order to examine the concentrations of heavy metals that typically occur in municipal water in Baghdad (aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn)), and explore associations with the same metals in dialysis fluid collected from four major dialysis centers in Baghdad hospitals for a period of one year (2018).

The results showed that the dialysis fluid quality was not in compliance with international standards. The dialysis fluid in 63% of the samples contained high Al concentrations, while Cu and Zn concentrations were within international standards. check details Lead concentrations were elevated in dialysis fluid in some hospitals as well.

The average blood levels of biologically important heavy elements were significantly varied in hemodialysis patients when compared with local reference values.

Since both deficiency and excess elements are potentially harmful, the hypothesis that heavy element status affects the risk of adverse clinical outcomes is a worthy investigation.

Obtained.

The study was approved by the Baghdad Ethics Committee of the Iraqi Ministry of Health and Environment.

The authors declare no competing financial interests.
The authors declare no competing financial interests.
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a complex, highly specialized joint. Along with the teeth, these joints are considered to be a "tri-joint complex." Mandibular condyle morphology is characterized by a rounded bone projection with an upper biconvex and oval surface in axial plane. Anatomical knowledge of the TMJ is one of the basic foundations of clinical practice, allowing the understanding of TMJ pathologies and fabrication of condylar prostheses. The cross-sectional descriptive study was undertaken to evaluate normal variation in the condylar morphology on radiographs in persons without TMJ symptomatology and its relation to age, gender, dentition status, chewing habits, parafunctional habits, history of orthodontic treatment, and denture wearing was assessed.

A total of 350 subjects without TMJ symptomatology included in the study were further grouped by age, gender, dentition status, chewing habits, parafunctional habits, history of orthodontic treatment, and denture wearing history. Panoramic radiograph was taken for the assessment of condylar morphology.

A significant association between dentition status and bilaterally similar condylar morphology was noticed. Bilaterally similar condyles were seen in 81.4% of subjects. Round-shaped condyles were seen in 176 (62%) persons. Loss of bilateral occlusion tends to alter the condylar morphology. Association between normal chewing habits and bilaterally similar condyle shapes was significant.

The study describes the normal morphology of mandibular condyles in a population attending the tertiary dental care center, Kozhikode. The dentition status and chewing habits of individuals had a significant role in determining condylar morphology.
The study describes the normal morphology of mandibular condyles in a population attending the tertiary dental care center, Kozhikode. The dentition status and chewing habits of individuals had a significant role in determining condylar morphology.
The objective of the study was to detect functional changes in the brain of cognitive impairment-temporal lobe epilepsy (CI-TLE) patient and to sort out the possible mechanism involved in CI in CI-TLE patients using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (RS-fMRI).

Fifty-eight TLE cases were included, which was divided into 44 TLE patients without CI (cognitive not impairment [CNI]-TLE) and 14 TLE patients with CI (CI-TLE). The normal control (NC) group consisted of 40 participants. RS-fMRI data preprocessing was carried out in statistical parametric mapping (SPM) software. The data were realigned, coregistered, normalized, and finally smoothened and then were taken for amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) calculation in RS-fMRI data analysis toolkit (REST) software. For data analysis, voxel-wise two-sample t-test was carried out between TLE group and NC group; CI-TLE group and cognitive not impairment-TLE (CNI-TLE) group in SPM software, a cluster >10 voxels and
< 0.01 was ism.
Between TLE and NC, we found increased ALFF activation in PG, frontal lobe, thalamus, insula, midbrain, and pons in TLE patient. Between CI and CNI TLE, area of executive control network and default model network, especially in MTG, ACG, IPL, MFG, and SFG, had increased ALFF value in CI-TLE patient. Activation of these areas should be because of the decompensation mechanism.
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