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These examples indicate that the proposed magttice model can enable more efficient mechanical modeling and simulation for the rational design of magnetically driven smart structures.The lysyl oxidase (LOX) enzyme that catalyses cross-link formation during the assembly of collagen fibrils in vivo is too large to diffuse within assembled fibrils, and so is incompatible with a fully equilibrium mechanism for fibril formation. We propose that enzymatic cross-links are formed at the fibril surface during the growth of collagen fibrils; as a consequence no significant reorientation of previously cross-linked collagen molecules occurs inside collagen fibrils during fibril growth in vivo. By imposing local equilibrium only at the fibril surface, we develop a coarse-grained quantitative model of in vivo fibril structure that incorporates a double-twist orientation of collagen molecules and a periodic D-band density modulation along the fibril axis. Radial growth is controlled by the concentration of available collagen molecules outside the fibril. In contrast with earlier equilibrium models of fibril structure, we find that all fibrils can exhibit a core-shell structure that is controlled only by the fibril radius. At small radii a core is developed with a linear double-twist structure as a function of radius. Within the core the double-twist structure is largely independent of the D-band. Within the shell at larger radii, the structure approaches a constant twist configuration that is strongly coupled with the D-band. We suggest a stable radius control mechanism that corneal fibrils can exploit near the edge of the linear core regime; while larger tendon fibrils use a cruder version of growth control that does not select a preferred radius.Liquid-infused structured non-wetting surfaces provide alternating no-slip and partial slip boundary conditions to the fluid flow, resulting in reduced friction at the interface. In this paper, an analytical model is developed for the evaluation of effective slip and, in turn, friction factor and drag reduction on liquid-infused structured non-wetting surfaces. By considering the entire range of anisotropy and heterogeneity of the surface structures as well as the full range of partial slip offered by the infusion liquid, the present model eliminates empirical fitting or correlations that are inherent in previous studies. Based on the effective slip length, drag reduction and skin friction coefficient values for Newtonian flow between two infinite parallel plates and flow in round tubes are presented. Extension of Moody charts for non-wetting surfaces and design maps of surface meso/micro/nano texturing for achieving desired drag reduction are presented for a broad range of engineering applications. The article further presents independent validation of the model across experimental and computational data from the literature and brings together several previous studies in a unified manner.The composition of an epoxy resin at the interface with the adherend is usually different from that in the bulk due to the enrichment of a specific constituent, a characteristic called interfacial segregation. For better adhesion, it should be precisely understood how epoxy and amine molecules exist on the adherend surface and react with each other to form a three-dimensional network. In this study, the entropic factor of the segregation in a mixture of epoxy and amine at the copper interface before and after the curing reaction is discussed on the basis of a full-atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Smaller molecules were preferentially segregated at the interface regardless of the epoxy and amine, and this segregation remained after the curing process. No segregation occurred at the interface for a combination composed of epoxy and amine molecules with a similar size. These findings make it clear that the size disparity between constituents affects the interfacial segregation via the packing and/or translational entropy. The curing reaction was slower near the interface than in the bulk, and a large amount of unreacted molecules remained there. Finally, the effect of molecular shape was also examined. Linear molecules were more likely to segregate than round-shaped ones even though they were similar in volume. We believe that these findings, which are difficult to obtain experimentally, contribute to the understanding of the interfacial adhesion phenomena on a molecular scale.Upconversion-luminescence-induced reflective color switching and fluorescence tuning of a cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) cells were investigated. The CLC system was constructed by co-doping a chiral fluorescence photoswitch, switch 5, and upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) into nematic LC media. Under irradiation with 980 nm NIR light, the UCNPs emit both 450 nm blue light and 365 nm UV light to induce the simultaneous Z-to-E and E-to-Z photoisomerization of switch 5. This continuous rotation-inversion movement further leads to an irreversible photoisomerization and photodissociation of dicyanodistyrylthiophene moieties in switch 5. As a result, the reflective color of the CLC cell changed from blue to red and the fluorescence intensity decreased as well when exposed to 980 nm NIR light. Finally, optically written reflective-photoluminescent dual mode CLC cells were further demonstrated.Optofluidics enables visualizing diverse anatomical and functional traits of single-cell specimens with new degrees of imaging capabilities. However, the current optofluidic microscopy systems suffer from either low resolution to reveal subcellular details or incompatibility with general microfluidic devices or operations. Here, we report optofluidic scanning microscopy (OSM) for super-resolution, live-cell imaging. The system exploits multi-focal excitation using the innate fluidic motion of the specimens, allowing for minimal instrumental complexity and full compatibility with various microfluidic configurations. The results present effective resolution doubling, optical sectioning and contrast enhancement. find more We anticipate the OSM system to offer a promising super-resolution optofluidic paradigm for miniaturization and different levels of integration at the chip scale.Recently, inclusion complexes formed from cyclodextrins (CDs) and surfactants have been found to play complex and important roles in supramolecular self-assembly. In this work, the self-assembly of perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA)/γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD) in aqueous solution was investigated. The sole PFNA solution assembled into spherical uni-lamellar vesicles under certain concentrations as revealed by freeze-fracture transmission electron microscopy (FF-TEM) images. Interestingly, when γ-CD was added into the PFNA solution, one novel kind of cyclodextrin-based hydrogel with a crystal-like structure was obtained. The morphology of the hydrogels was inerratic parallel hexahedron or regular hexahedron as revealed by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements. Furthermore, the hydrogels were transformed into crystalline precipitates, which were composed of highly uniform tetragonal sheets with excellent crystallinity and homogeneous size distribution just by changing the γ-CD concentration. More amazingly, the crystal-like hydrogels were sensitive to shear and switched to solutions in their morphology with bar-like and rod-like aggregates and smaller square sheets under different shear rates, and the hydrogel-solution transition behavior was a reversable process. 1H NMR, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WXRD) measurements were performed to lead us to propose the formation mechanism of the above aggregates. Hopefully, our studies will cast new light on the fundamental investigations into the self-assembly of supramolecular systems of fluorinated surfactants and CD molecules and provide a new idea for smart material design.The wetting of polymer brushes exhibits a much richer phenomenology than wetting of normal solid substrates. These brushes allow for three wetting states, which are partial wetting, complete wetting and mixing. Here, we study the transitions between these wetting states for brushes in contact with polymer melts and compare them to predictions using enthalpic arguments based on brush and melt interactions. We show that the transitions are shifted compared to the enthalpic predictions and that the shifts can be positive or negative depending on the length of the melt polymer and the brush grafting density. The reason for this is that these brush and melt parameters can have a positive or negative effect on the entropic contribution to the free energy of the system. Our results highlight the relevance of entropy in predicting the exact wetting transitions, which is important for the design of brush-based coating applications.This research was conducted to evaluate the potential use of saturated monoglyceride (MG)-based gels in the protection of probiotics upon in vitro digestion. For this purpose, a Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain was inoculated into binary and ternary systems, containing MGs, a water phase composed of an aqueous solution at controlled pH or UHT skimmed milk, and in ternary gels, sunflower oil. Gel structure characterization was initially performed just after preparation and after 14 days of storage at 4 °C by rheological, mechanical, thermal, and microscopy analyses. Afterwards, probiotic viability upon in vitro digestion was evaluated. The results highlighted that all freshly prepared samples showed good capability to protect L. rhamnosus with the exception of the binary system containing milk. However, the digestion of samples after 14 days of storage showed that the ternary system containing skimmed milk exhibited the best protection performance ensuring a L. rhamnosus viability of almost 106 CFU g-1 at the end of the gastrointestinal passage. Confocal microscopy results demonstrated that bacterial cells were located prevalently within the aqueous domain near the monoglycerides and protein aggregates. Under these conditions, they can simultaneously achieve physical protection and find nutrients to survive environmental stresses. These findings suggest that MG-based gels can be proposed as efficient carriers of probiotic bacteria not only during food processing and storage but also upon digestion.It is interesting yet challenging to design theranostic nanoplatforms for the accurate diagnosis and therapy of diseases; these nanoplatforms consist of single contrast-enhanced imaging or therapeutic agents, and they possess their own unique shortcomings that limit their widespread bio-medical applications. Therefore, designing a potential theranostic agent is an emerging approach for the synergistic diagnosis and therapeutics in bio-medical applications. Herein, a lanthanide-loaded (NaLnF4) heterostructure BiOCl ultrathin nanosheet (BiNS@NaLnF4) as a theranostic agent was synthesized facilely by a solvothermal protocol. BiNS@NaLnF4 was employed as a multi-modal contrast agent for computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), showing a high-performance X-ray absorption contrast effect, an outstanding T1-weighted imaging function result, good cytocompatibility and favorable in vivo effective imaging for CT. Notably, BiNS@NaLnF4 was applied to achieve a satisfactory photon-thermal conversion efficiency (35.
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