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Phosphatidylserine-containing liposomes: Therapeutic possibilities towards hypercholesterolemia and also illness.
α-L-Rhamnosidase has attracted lots of attention due to its industrial potential applications. The applicability of α-L-rhamnosidase, however, was limited by their low ligand affinity on the industrial scale. In order to improve the affinity of α-L-rhamnosidase for industrial use, we investigated the variation of its affinity by amino acid replacement. Particularly, the enzyme affinity of a α-L-rhamnosidase from Aspergillus niger JMU-TS528 (rRha1) was measured with the semi-conservative amino acid (homology between 30% -80%) replaced. As a result, the enzyme affinity of the two mutants, R404S and N578D, were increased by 1.45-fold and 2.3-fold, respectively, showing that these two mutants could be the promising candidates for industrial use. To test if these mutations bring negative effect on the enzyme properties, we also determined the other enzymatic properties of these mutants and showed no negative effect. To understand the improvement of enzyme affinity, the conformational flexibility of (α/α)6-barrel catalytic domain were examined by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, and demonstrated that the conformations of these mutants are more flexible, which could influence the affinity of substrates to the enzyme and hence the enzyme activity. This work not only enhanced the enzyme affinity of a α-L-rhamnosidase, making rRha1 a promising candidate for industrial processes, but also provided an effective technical strategy for improving affinity of other enzymes. Pectinex Ultra SP-L, a commercial enzyme preparation with fructosyltransferase activity, was successfully immobilized by covalent binding to Fe3O4-chitosan- magnetic nanoparticles. Immobilization carried out according to a 23-full factorial design where glutaraldehyde concentration, activation time and time of contact between enzyme and support were selected as the independent variables and immobilization yield as the response. The highest immobilization yield (94.84%) was obtained using 3.0% (v/v) glutaraldehyde and activation and contact times of 180 and 30 min, respectively. The immobilized biocatalyst, which showed for both hydrolytic and transfructosylating activities optimum pH and temperature of 7.0 and 60 °C, respectively, retained 70 and 86% of them after 6 cycles of reuse. A kinetic/thermodynamic study focused on thermal inactivation of the immobilized construct indicated high thermostability at temperatures commonly used for fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) production. Maximum FOS concentration obtained in lab-scale experiments was 101.56 g L-1, with predominant presence of 1-kestose in the reaction mixture. The results obtained in this study suggest that the immobilized-enzyme preparation may be effectively exploited for FOS production and easily recovered from the reaction mixture by action of a magnetic field. V.The formation, characterization, and functionality of hybrid nanoparticles based on linseed bio-macromolecules extracted as linseed protein (LP) and linseed gum (LG) from the remaining meal after oil extraction were investigated. The assembly of bioparticles at different protein to polysaccharide ratios as a function of pH was characterized in terms of absorbance measurements, dynamic light scattering and surface charge. The wettability of the assembled particles as well as the plain LP and LG was also determined. By increasing the LG proportion in the bioparticles, both the size of the particles and their contact angle tended to decrease, whereas their zeta potential became more negative over the whole studied pH range. The formed negatively charged particles at pH 3 with a 5050 LP to LG ratio and a size of approximately 300 nm were selected and their functional properties (solubility, emulsifying and foaming properties) were compared to the individual biopolymers. The interaction between LG and LP was found to modify the functional properties of native LP especially at and around its isoelectric point. The LP-LG particles could be useful for stabilizing plant-based emulsions and foams. The development of natural and biodegradable polymer nanoparticles as Pickering emulsion stabilizers has attracted increasing interest. In this study, antioxidative pectin from hawthorn wine pomace (HP) was first produced. HP and zein-nanoparticles (ZPs) were used to fabricate zein-HP composite nanoparticles (ZHPs) via hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interaction. The ZHP composite at the HP-ZP ratio of 11 (w/w) exhibited near-neutral wettability (92.9o ± 1.01), thereby being used for stabilizing Pickering emulsion (ZHPEs). CLSM and cryo-SEM showed the anchoring of ZHPs onto the surface of oil droplets and the gel-like network structure in the continuous-phase. ZHPEs at 0.5-0.7 (v/v) oil fractions were pseudoplastic fluids with elastic-solid characteristics. ZHPEs with 0.6 and 0.7 (v/v) oil fractions showed excellent thermal stability 20-60 °C. The antioxidant capacity of HP helped protect the Pickering emulsion against its lipid oxidation. Therefore, antioxidative polysaccharides could stabilize Pickering emulsions as particle shell-materials while offering protection on lipid components against oxidation. This study has demonstrated the sustainable utilization of food waste for producing value-added products. Endothelization of a tissue-engineered substrate is important for its application as an artificial vascular graft. Despite recent advancements in artificial graft fabrication, a graft of less then 5 mm is difficult to fabricate owing to insufficient endothelization that results in thrombosis after transplantation. We aimed to perform a co-culture of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) on antithrombogenic polycaprolactone (PCL)/heparin-gelatin co-spun nanofibers to evaluate the role of co-culturing in promoting quick endothelization of vascular substrates without surface modification by growth factors or other ECM proteins that trigger the endothelization process. Using a co-axial electrospinning technique, we attempted to fabricate our scaffold balancing between mechanical properties and biocompatibility. PHI-101 inhibitor Antithrombogenic characteristics were then imparted to the fabricated nanofiber substrate by grafting of heparin. Finally, we performed a co-culture of MSCs and HUVECs on the fabricated co-spun nanofiber substrate to obtain proper endothelization of our material under the in-vitro culture. Staining for CD-31 at seven days of culture revealed enhanced CD-31 expression under the co-culture condition; actin staining revealed healthy cobblestone HUVEC morphology, suggesting that MSCs can aid in proper endothelization. Hence, we conclude that co-culture is effective for quick endothelization of vascular substrates. V.This study provides the preparation and profound characterization of an eco-friendly photobiocomposite beads named, titanium (IV) oxide/calcium alginate (TiO2/CaAlg), and the examination of their effectiveness for Basic Blue 41 (BB 41) adsorption/ photocatalytic degradation using sunlight like a renewable energy source. Chemical and physical characteristics of pure TiO2, pure CaAlg and TiO2/CaAlg beads were investigated using; X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectra (UV-Vis DRS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), attenuated total reflection spectroscopy (ATR), X-Ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS), thermogravimetry (TGA) derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. Kinetic and isotherm models were evaluated using the non-linear model fitting analysis method. Effect of experimental parameters such as solution initial pH, BB 41 initial concentration, photobiocomposite dose on the BB 41 adsorption/photocatalytic degradation was investigated. Recycling capacity of TiO2/CaAlg photobiocomposite beads was tested. Results show that TiO2/CaAlg photobiocomposite is promising material for the BB 41 adsorption/photocatalytic degradation. The main objective of this research was to develop chitosan based polymeric nanoparticles of Imatinib (IMT-PNPs) for colorectal cancer targeting. The ionic gelation technique and central composite design was implemented to prepare IMT-PNPs. Out of 21 batches, F10 formulation was found to be optimized. The F10 was further evaluated for surface morphology, in-vitro drug release and release kinetic study, in-vitro drug deposition study, histopathological study, colon tissue uptake study using fluorescence microscopy, in-vitro cytotoxicity study & stability studies. The optimized formulations were found to have 208 ± 0.01 nm particle size, -32.56 ± 0.03 mV of zeta potential, 86.45 ± 0.05% in-vitro cumulative drug release & 68.52 ± 0.01% drug entrapment efficacy. Florescence study indicates epithelial colon cells parade higher fluorescent nanoparticle accumulation after i.v. administration. The IMT-PNPs formulations show only 0.46% hemolysis, which indicates the formulation is safer for i.v. administration. In histopathological evaluation, the final formulations show no sign of damage in tissues, which indicates the final formulation can be safely administered through i.v. route. From the MTT assay, it can be witnessed that encapsulated IMT-PNPs produces higher & controlled cytotoxicity in CT26 colon carcinoma cell lines. The outcomes of this research confined, IMT-PNPs could be an effective approach in colorectal cancer targeting using i.v. route. V.Folic acid functionalized carbon quantum dot (FA-CQD) with ultrahigh quantum yield (50%) were synthesized by one-pot hydrothermal route using citric acid. The synthesized CQDs were characterized by fluorescence spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and X-ray diffraction. The cell viability of about 95% and 97% were obtained for MTT assay of the CQDs and FA-CQDs toward MCF-7 cells after 24 h of incubation respectively. The FA-CQDs were successfully applied for targeted imaging of cervical cancer (type HeLa) and human breast adenocarcinoma (type MCF7) cells using fluorescence microscope. V.BACKGROUND French Polynesia is a French overseas collectivity in the South Pacific Ocean, where data on infective endocarditis (IE) are lacking. AIMS To investigate the epidemiology and outcomes of IE in French Polynesia. METHODS All hospital records from consecutive patients hospitalized in Taaone Hospital, Tahiti, from 2015 to 2018, with an International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision, separation diagnosis of IE (I330), were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS From 190 hospital charts reviewed, 105 patients with a final diagnosis of IE, confirmed according to the modified Duke criteria, were included. The median duration of follow-up was 71 days (interquartile range 18-163 days). The mean age was 55±17 years, and there were 68 men (65%). Thirty-five patients (33%) had a history of rheumatic carditis and 43 (41%) had a prosthetic valve. There were 40 (38%) cases of staphylococcal IE, 32 (30%) of streptococcal IE and six (6%) of enterococcal IE. Cardiogenic shock, septic shock and clinically relevant cerebral complications were strongly associated with death from any cause (hazard ratio [HR] 16.85, 95% confidence interval [CI] 5.45-52.05 [P less then 0.001]; HR 2.62, 95% CI 1.23-5.56 [P=0.01]; and HR 4.14, 95% CI 1.92-8.92 [P less then 0.001], respectively). Seventy-three patients (69%) had a theoretical indication for surgery, which was performed in 38 patients (36%). Lack of surgery when there was a theoretical indication was significantly associated with death (HR 6.93, 95% CI 3.47-13.83; P less then 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS The pattern of IE in French Polynesia differs from Western countries in many ways. Postrheumatic valvular disease remains the main underlying disease, and access to emergency heart surgery is still a challenge.
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