Notes

Large T-cell infiltration within tumour tissue and younger age anticipate your a reaction to pembrolizumab in recurrent urothelial cancer malignancy.
Tumors lymphocytic infiltration has prognostic and predictive value. However, the mechanisms involved in lymphocyte recruitment remain poorly characterized. High endothelial venules (HEV) are blood vessels specialized in lymphocyte recruitment, recently showing prognostic significance in some types of cancer. Their implications in laryngeal or pharyngeal cancer is largely unknown.

To investigate the possible presence of HEVs in head and neck cancer.

Oropharyngeal (n = 61), hypopharyngeal (n = 53) and laryngeal (n = 21) squamous cell carcinomas were immunohistochemically studied with the MECA-79 antibody, which specifically recognizes HEVs. Histological and clinical factors were correlated with HEVs' presence.

HEVs were present in 34% of tumors, showing significant correlations with oropharyngeal localization, higher lymphocytic response, lower tumor budding, lower T status, absence of distant metastases and better overall and progression-free survival.

HEVs represent an important prognostic factor in head and neck cancer.
HEVs represent an important prognostic factor in head and neck cancer.Warthin tumour (WT) is a benign tumour of the salivary gland that proliferates in both glandular epithelial and lymphoid tissue components, and rarely exhibits cystic changes. T follicular helper cells (Tfh) are involved in the formation and maintenance of germinal centres, the differentiation of B cells into plasma cells, and the maintenance of helper T cell type 2 (Th2)-dominant humoral immune responses. T-bet induces differentiation into helper T cell type 1 (Th1) by suppressing differentiation into Tfh and enhances cellular immune responses. The objective of this study was to enhance our understanding of the immune responses and relationship between Tfh and Th1 cells in patients with WTs. In this study, we classified WTs (n = 64) into solid-type (n = 25) and cyst-type (n = 39). We also performed immunostaining of the Tfh markers CXCR5 and CD40 L, and the Th1 marker T-bet for statistical analysis. The cyst-type exhibited significant atrophy of the germinal centre area (P = 0.0019), significantly fewer Tfh-positive lymphocytes in germinal centres (P less then 0.0001), and significantly more T-bet-positive lymphocytes in the epithelium (P = 0.0017). We observed that Tfh were involved in the formation and maintenance of lymphoid follicles in WTs. In the cyst-type, Th2-dominant humoral immune responses were suppressed, and Th1-dominant cellular immune responses may have caused damage to tumour tissue.
To provide a comparative baseline for future studies of oral pathology in domestic livestock and to better understand connections between lesion prevalence and biological context in past animal populations.

Over 1600 sheep and cattle mandibles recovered from archaeological sites in England between 500 and 1300 CE.

A comprehensive investigation of periodontal disease was conducted based on four characteristics dental calculus; periosteal new bone formation; alveolar recession; and ante-mortem tooth loss. The anatomical position and severity of these lesions were quantified and correlated against the age of each individual.

Two types of periosteal new bone formation were recognized one in the growing mandibles of young animals, the other in older animals and associated with disease. The incidence of calculus and alveolar recession increase with age. Correlations exist between calculus, alveolar recession and periosteal new bone formation. Disruption caused by the eruption of the P4 is also implied as a contributory factor to the onset of periodontal disease.

When interpreting periodontal disease in zooarchaeological collections it is vital to consider the effect of age as well as environmental and genetic factors.

This is the first comprehensive zooarchaeological study to investigate the effect of age on periodontal disease. It provides a better understanding of the frequency and presentation of periodontal disease as a baseline for future studies.

Cattle mandibles are under-represented due to poor survival. Ideally, radiographs of mandibles with ante-mortem tooth loss would be taken, but this was not possible.

The role of genetic factors, diet and environment needs to be better understood.
The role of genetic factors, diet and environment needs to be better understood.
A malformed pectoral joint of the middle Devonian antiarch fish Asterolepis ornata is described, and a survey of congenital malformations in the fossil record is provided.

The specimen of A. anti-EGFR antibody inhibitor ornata (MB.f.73) from Ehrman in Latvia, stored at the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Germany.

A. ornata was macroscopically and radiologically investigated, and the overview on congenital malformation was based on an extensive literature survey.

In the deformed joint of A. ornata, the articular surfaces and muscle attachment sites are greatly reduced, indicating restricted mobility. Congenital malformations can be found since the middle Silurian and affect all groups of vertebrates, but they are rare. Teeth and the vertebral column are the most commonly affected anatomical regions, and the mechanisms causing these malformations probably remained the same through geological time.

Micro-CT of the deformed joint shows no disturbance of the normal trabecular pattern and no evidence of trauma or disease, suggesting a congenital hypoplasia, although an acquired deformity cannot be ruled out completely.

Congenital malformations, even those that are rare, were part of the common history of vertebrates for more than 400 million years.

Epidemiologic measures like incidence and prevalence usually cannot be applied to define rare diseases in the fossil record.

A broadly based analysis of species of fossil vertebrates with numerus recovered specimens (e.g. many bony fishes, amphibians, certain dinosaurs) might statistically affirm the occurrence of malformations and possible correlations with the paleoenvironment.
A broadly based analysis of species of fossil vertebrates with numerus recovered specimens (e.g. many bony fishes, amphibians, certain dinosaurs) might statistically affirm the occurrence of malformations and possible correlations with the paleoenvironment.
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