Notes

Endorsement of kinds of thickeners, along with as well as with out flavors, throughout hospitalized people using dysphagia : A pilot examine.
Injection of lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells is known as useful for activation of cellular immune system. Although the effect of LAK cells has been clarified in human or mice, this effect on function of immune cells has not been examined in calves. Healthy ten Holstein calves were injected with the LAK cells 2 days after birth (LAK Group), and another eight calves were observed as controls (Control Group). All calves received the colostrum formulation on the day of birth, and then, were inoculated with a live attenuated vaccine of bovine herpesvirus (BHV)-1 at 2 (the first vaccination) and 6 (the second vaccination) weeks after birth. Peripheral blood of their dam obtained 3 weeks before calving was used for preparation of LAK cells. Blood samples were taken prior to vaccine inoculation and 3 days after the first inoculation, as well as 3 and 6 days after the second vaccination from all calves. Numbers of CD8+ and CD21+ cells increased significantly after the second vaccination in the LAK Group compared with Control Group. The present study suggested the improved effect of injecting LAK cells originated from dams on immune cells function of young calves after BHV-1 live vaccine. Copyright© by the Polish Academy of Sciences.The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary zeolite clinoptilolite on re- productive performance, serum progesterone and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) concentra- tions in 78 Holstein Friesian (HF) cows during pregnancy and lactation. The cows were divided into two groups comprising 40 (control group; CON) and 38 (CPL group) cows. To assess repro- ductive performance of HF cows the following variables were registered the interval from calv- ing to first insemination (days open to first service, DFS), the interval from calving to pregnancy (days open to pregnancy, DOP), and the number of services per pregnancy (NSP). The average values of progesterone (5.64±0.59 ng/mL vs. 5.16±0.64 ng/mL) were not statistically different (p⟨0.05) and IGF-1 levels (400.17±17.72 ng/mL vs. 348.36±20.39 ng/mL) were higher in the CON than in the CPL group which received 50 g of clinoptilolite twice a day. However, in the CPL group ovarian cyclity resumed on days 40 and 60 postpartum. In addition, DFS (p⟨0.05) and DOP (p>0.05) were shorter in the CPL than in the CON group (115.1±19.9 and 137.5±36.3 days vs. Odanacatib solubility dmso 124.2±17.3 and 143.8±33.5 days, respectively). During 305 days of lactation, milk production was higher in the CPL vs. CON (8325.5±628.8 kg vs. 8050±586.8 kg). The NSP was lower in the CPL than in CON group (1.91 vs. 2.14). The dietary clinoptilolite supplement had a positive in- fluence on milk yield, exhibited modulating effects on endocrine status of dairy cows, and im- proved reproductive performance, with the decreased NSP, and fewer DFS and DOP. Copyright© by the Polish Academy of Sciences.The aim of the study was to develop a reliable and cost-effective method for detection of nonsense mutation in APAF1 gene causing lethal effect called HH1 (Holstein Haplotype1) and to evaluate its prevalence in a sample of Polish Holstein-Friesian bulls. One hundred seventy eight bulls born between 1996 and 2017 were included in the analysis. They were kept in four artificial insemination centers and have in the pedigree the known carrier of HH1. All bulls were diagnosed by novel PCR-SSCP technique. Specific amplicons of 261 bp APAF1 gene fragment were used to detect changes in single stranded conformation (SSCP) caused by nonsense mutation C/T responsible for HH1. Each new carrier was used to trace another potential carriers among their offspring available in Polish Holstein Bull Repository Database. Among 178 bulls, 85 HH1 carriers were found. Our results show that nonsense mutation in APAF1 gene is already transmitted and segregating in Polish Holstein-Friesian cattle and its frequency may increase if no action will be undertaken against actual carriers. Copyright© by the Polish Academy of Sciences.The European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) is a good model in biomedicine used in research on several human diseases. The reference values of B and T cells and their subpopu- lations are very important to understand how the adaptive immune system is responding to infectious agents. The aim of this study was to determine values of B and T cells and their subpopulations in Polish mixed-breed rabbits, considering seasons of the year and sex. The study was performed on 200 Polish mixed-breed rabbits and the percentage of B and T lymphocytes was measured cytometrically using mouse anti-rabbit antibodies. The study revealed that the season of the year and sex of the animals affected the percentage of B- and T-cells and their subpopulations in peripheral blood. Statistically significant values of CD19+ B-cells in spring and autumn, of T CD5+ cells in spring and winter, of T CD4+ in spring, summer, autumn and winter, of T CD8+ in winter and of T CD25+ in spring were noted. Generally the highest values were found mainly in warm part of the year, while the lowest in colder months. A statistical significance was also observed between males and females - changes were found in T CD4+ and T CD25+ lymphocytes in spring, T CD8+ cells in winter and higher percentage was generally obtained in females than in males. The only exception was the T CD5+ subpopulation in which no differences were observed between the sexes and throughout the year. This is the first paper on adaptive immune system cell values in the European rabbit of domestic breeds. Copyright© by the Polish Academy of Sciences.To explore the role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and interferon (IFN) in the innate immunity against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), we detected the expression of TLR genes in PEDV-infected IPEC-J2 cells by real-time PCR. We also detected the level of interferon α (IFN-α) and interferon γ (IFN-γ) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results showed that IPEC-J2 cells exhibited a clear pathological change after PEDV infection at 24 h. In addition, TLR7, TLR9 and TLR10 expressions were significantly upregulated in PEDV-infected IPEC-J2 cells at 24 h. Interestingly, the expression patterns of TLR2 and TLR4 were consistent at different stages of PEDV infection. The expression level of TLR3 decreased significantly with the increase of infection time, but the expression levels of TLR5 and TLR8 genes at 6 h and 12 h were significantly lower than those in the control group (p⟨0.01). There were significant correlations among the expression levels of TLR genes (p⟨0.05). Cytokine detection showed that the secretion level of IFN-α in the PEDV-infected group was significantly higher than that in the control group (p⟨0.01), and IFN-γ at 6 h and 12 h after PEDV infection was significantly higher than that in control group (p⟨0.01). Therefore, our results suggest that PEDV infection can induce innate immune responses in intestinal porcine jejunum epithelial cells, leading to changes in the expression of Toll-like receptors, and can regulate the resistance to virus infection by affecting the release levels of downstream cytokines. Copyright© by the Polish Academy of Sciences.INTRODUCTION Effective and safe anesthesia for rodents has long been a leading concern among biomedical researchers. Intraperitoneal injection constitutes an alternative to inhalant anesthesia. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to identify a safe, reliable, and effective anesthesia and postoperative analgesia protocol for laboratory rats exposed to painful procedures. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty-seven female Wistar rats in an ongoing study that required surgery were randomized into groups for three different intraperitoneal anesthesia protocols and three different analgesia regimens. The anesthesia groups were (1) medetomidine + ketamine (MK), (2) ketamine + xylacine (KX), and (3) fentanyl + medetomidine (FM). Three analgesia groups were equally distributed among the anesthesia groups (1) local mepivacaine + oral ibuprofen (MI), (2) oral tramadol + oral ibuprofen (TI), and (3) local tramadol + oral tramadol + + oral ibuprofen (TTI). A core was assigned to measure anesthesia (0-3) and analgesia (0-2) effectiveness; the lower the score, the more effective the treatment. RESULTS The mean MK score was 0.44 versus 2.00 for FM and 2.33 for KX. Mean score for analgesia on the first postoperative day was TTI (4.66) TI (9.13), and MI (10.14). Mean score 48 hours after surgery was TTI (3.4), TI (6.71), and MI (9.5). These differences were statistically significant. CONCLUSION MK was shown to be a reliable, safe, and effective method of anesthesia. The TTI analgesia regimen is strongly recommended in light of these results. Copyright© by the Polish Academy of Sciences.Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is the causative agent of a wide range of diseases, which are the important cause of illness and mortality in piglets. ETEC strains expressing F4 fimbriae are frequently associated with post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) and lead to great economic losses in swine production industry worldwide. The aim of this study was to establish a rapid and effective isothermal amplification method for detection of F4 fimbriae. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), Polymerase spiral reaction (PSR) and cross-priming ampli- fication (CPA) were used to develop and optimize the detection method first time. Subsequently, the specificity and sensitivity of these methods were evaluated, and the clinical samples were detected with these methods. All the F4-positive samples could produce ladder-like amplifica- tions products and lead the chromogenic substrate SYBR Green I produce green fluorescence, while in blank control and negative samples lack of this pattern or remained orange. The sensi- tivity of LAMP and CPA were 10 times higher than PSR method. Meanwhile, these three methods were validated with clinical samples, 7 were found positive, while 125 samples were negative, the testing results were consisted with the real-time PCR method. These findings suggested that the isothermal amplification based on the F4 fimbriae is a rapid, effective and sensitive method under resource constrains. Copyright© by the Polish Academy of Sciences.The in vitro anti-Babesia canis activities of nine essential oils were investigated. Among the tested essential oils Achillea millefolium, Eugenia caryophyllus and Citrus grandis were the most active (IC50 values of 51.0, 60.3 and 61.3 μg/mL, respectively). The oils from Abies sibirica, Rosmarinus officinalis, Eucalyptus globulus, Cinnamonum zeylanicum, Mentha piperita and Pinus sylvestris were less active (IC50 values of 134.3, 237.3, 239.3, 367.9, 837.5 and 907.3 μg/mL, respectively). The results support the concept that some essential oil constituents may be useful in the clinical management of babesiosis. Copyright© by the Polish Academy of Sciences.This study was carried out to evaluate the potential effects of 90 days-long dietary supple- mentation of probiotic and yeast culture on immunity condition of lambs. Fifteen Rahmani growing male lambs (about 5 months old and 23.21±2.75 kg body weight) were randomly allo- cated to three equal groups consisting of 5 animals each. The animals in the first group, served as a control (group C), were fed a basal diet without any supplementation. The lambs in the second and third group were fed the basal diet supplemented with probiotic (group Y) or yeast culture (group YC), respectively. The probiotic consisted of live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisae) alone, while the yeast culture was composed of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the media on which it was grown. In group Y and YC, each lamb was supplemented daily with 0.5 g and 7.0 g of live yeast and yeast culture, respectively. Blood samples were collected before feeding the supplements and then every 15 days until the day 90th. Total and differential leucocytic counts, total protein, albumin, IgA, IgG and IgM levels were measured in blood.
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