Notes

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Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults. Monosomy 3 and
mutation are strong prognostic factors predicting metastatic risk in UM. Nuclear BAP1 (nBAP1) expression is a close immunohistochemical surrogate for both genetic alterations. Not all laboratories perform routine BAP1 immunohistochemistry or genetic testing, and rely mainly on clinical information and anatomic/morphologic analyses for UM prognostication. The purpose of our study was to pilot deep learning (DL) techniques to predict nBAP1 expression on whole slide images (WSIs) of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained UM sections.

One hundred forty H&E-stained UMs were scanned at 40 × magnification, using commercially available WSI image scanners. The training cohort comprised 66 BAP1
and 74 BAP1
UM, with known chromosome 3 status and clinical outcomes. Nonoverlapping areas of three different dimensions (512 × 512, 1024 × 1024, and 2048 × 2048 pixels) for comparison were extracted from tumor regions in each WSI, and were resized to 256 × 256 pixels. Deep convolutional neural networks (Resnet18 pre-trained on Imagenet) and auto-encoder-decoders (U-Net) were trained to predict nBAP1 expression of these patches. Trained models were tested on the patches cropped from a test cohort of WSIs of 16 BAP1
and 28 BAP1
UM cases.

The trained model with best performance achieved area under the curve values of 0.90 for patches and 0.93 for slides on the test set.

Our results show the effectiveness of DL for predicting nBAP1 expression in UM on the basis of H&E sections only.

Our pilot demonstrates a high capacity of artificial intelligence-related techniques for automated prediction on the basis of histomorphology, and may be translatable into routine histology laboratories.
Our pilot demonstrates a high capacity of artificial intelligence-related techniques for automated prediction on the basis of histomorphology, and may be translatable into routine histology laboratories.
To evaluate different segmentation methods in analyzing Schlemm's canal (SC) and the trabecular meshwork (TM) in ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) images.

Twenty-six healthy volunteers were recruited. The intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured while study subjects blew a trumpet. Images were obtained at different IOPs by 50-MHz UBM. ImageJ software and three segmentation methods-
-means, fuzzy C-means, and level set-were applied to segment the UBM images. Thequantitativeanalysisofthe TM-SC region was based on the segmentation results. buy Lenalidomide The relative error and the interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were used to quantify the accuracy and the repeatability of measurements. Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to evaluate the associations between the IOP and the TM and SC geometric measurements.

A total of 104 UBM images were obtained. Among them, 84 were adequately clear to be segmented. The level-set method results had a higher similarity to ImageJ results than the other two methods. The ICC values of the level-set method were 0.97, 0.95, 0.9, and 0.57, respectively. Pearson correlation coefficients for the IOP to the SC area, SC perimeter, SC length, and TM width were -0.91, -0.72, -0.66, and -0.61 (
< 0.0001), respectively.

The level-set method showed better accuracy than the other two methods. Compared with manual methods, it can achieve similar precision, better repeatability, and greater efficiency. Therefore, the level-set method can be used for reliable UBM image segmentation.

The level-set method can be used to analyze TM and SC region in UBM images semiautomatically.
The level-set method can be used to analyze TM and SC region in UBM images semiautomatically.
The goal of the present experiments was to determine whether electrophysiologic response properties of the ON and OFF visual pathways observed in animal experimental models can be observed in humans.

Steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs) were recorded in response to equivalent magnitude contrast increments and decrements presented within a probe-on-pedestal Westheimer sensitization paradigm. The probes were modulated with sawtooth temporal waveforms at a temporal frequency of 3 or 2.73 Hz. SSVEP response waveforms and response spectra for incremental and decremental stimuli were analyzed as a function of stimulus size and visual field location in 67 healthy adult participants.

SSVEPs recorded at the scalp differ between contrast decrements and increments of equal Weber contrast SSVEP responses were larger in amplitude and shorter in latency for contrast decrements than for contrast increments. Both increment and decrement responses were larger for displays that were scaled for cortical magnification.

In a fashion that parallels results from the early visual system of cats and monkeys, two key properties of ON versus OFF pathways found in single-unit recordings are recapitulated at the population level of activity that can be observed with scalp electrodes, allowing differential assessment of ON and OFF pathway activity in human.

As data from preclinical models of visual pathway dysfunction point to differential damage to subtypes of retinal ganglion cells, this approach may be useful in future work on disease detection and treatment monitoring.
As data from preclinical models of visual pathway dysfunction point to differential damage to subtypes of retinal ganglion cells, this approach may be useful in future work on disease detection and treatment monitoring.
To validate a vision-guided mobility assessment for individuals affected by
-associated retinal dystrophy (
-RD).

In this comparative cross-sectional study, 29 subjects, comprising 19 subjects with
-RD and 10 normally-sighted subjects undertook three assessments of mobility following a straight line, navigating a simple maze, and stepping over a sidewalk "kerb." Performance was quantified as the time taken to complete each assessment, number of errors made, walking speed, and percent preferred walking speed, for each assessment. Subjects also undertook assessments of visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, full-field static perimetry, and age-appropriate quality of life questionnaires. To identify the most relevant metric to quantify vision-guided mobility, we investigated repeatability, as well as convergent, discriminant, and criterion validity. We also measured the effect of illumination on mobility.

Walking speed through the maze assessment best discriminated between
-RD and normally-sighted subjects, with both convergent and discriminant validity.
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