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Many studies have explored how using a pneumatic tube system (PTS) is related to the hemolysis of blood samples, but their conclusions have been inconsistent. This meta-analysis was to clarify whether using a PTS induces the hemolysis of blood samples. The PubMed, Embase, Scopus, CNKI, CqVip, SinoMed and WanFang databases were searched for studies published between January 1970 and August 2019. The primary outcomes were the hemolysis rate and hemolysis index of blood samples after applying a PTS and manual transportation. We estimated the pooled risk ratio (RR) and the standardized mean difference (SMD), using random-effects models. This meta-analysis included 29 studies covering 3121 blood samples. No significant differences were found between the PTS and manual-transportation groups in the hemolysis rate [RR 0.99, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.57 to 1.70], hemolysis index (SMD 0.19, 95% CI -0.00 to 0.38), or level of potassium (SMD 0.05, 95% CI -0.03 to 0.12), alanine aminotransferase (SMD 0.00, 95% CI -0.10 to 0.11), or aspartate aminotransferase (SMD 0.04, 95% CI -0.08 to 0.17). However, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level was significantly higher in the PTS group than in the manual-transportation group (SMD 0.20, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.34). Subgroup analysis revealed that the LDH level was clearly higher in the PTS group than in the manual-transportation group only when the PTS speed was ≥6 m/s or when the PTS distance was ≥250 m. According to this meta-analysis, PTSs were associated with alterations in LDH measurements, so it is sensible that each hospital validates and monitors their PTSs.Infertility is considered globally to be a stressful and hard experience that affects the couples psychologically, socially and individually. The aim of this study was to systematically review the effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) on depression, stress and anxiety in infertile couples. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, databases were searched up to August 2019. Twelve articles were included in the meta-analysis and analysed with Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) v2. The results of pooled studies showed that the mean scores for depression and anxiety decreased in patients receiving CBT as compared to the control group. The results of three pooled studies showed no significant difference on stress in patients receiving CBT as compared to the control group. The findings of this study provides valuable suggestions for improving mental health status through applying CBT to manage anxiety and depression in infertile couples.Estimation of the postmortem interval (PMI) is a poorly studied field in veterinary pathology. The development of field-applicable methods is needed given that animal cruelty investigations are increasing continually. We evaluated various histologic criteria in equine brain, liver, and muscle tissue to aid the estimation of PMI in horses, which is central to forensic investigations of suspicious death. After death, autolysis proceeds predictably, depending on environmental conditions. Currently, no field-applied methods exist that accurately estimate the PMI using histology in animals or humans through quantification of autolysis. Brain, liver, and skeletal muscle from 12 freshly euthanized horses were held at 22°C and 8°C for 72 h. Tissues were sampled at T0h, T1h, T2h, T4h, T6h, T12h, T24h, T36h, T48h, T60h, and T72h. For each tissue, we quantified 5 to 7 criteria associated with autolysis, based on the percentage of microscopic field involved. Each criterion was modeled, with temperature and time as independent variables. Changes were most predictable in liver and muscle over the first 72 h postmortem. The criteria for autolysis that were present most extensively at both temperatures were hepatocyte individualization and the separation of bile duct epithelium from the basement membrane. The changes that were present next most extensively were disruption of myofiber continuity, hypereosinophilia, and loss of striation. Brain changes were highly variable. The high statistical correlation between the parameter "autolysis" and the variables "time/temperature", indicates that autolysis is progressive and predictable. Further investigation of these criteria is needed to establish histologic algorithms for PMI.Influenza viral proteins Haemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA) are important targets for antiviral design. We analyzed for the first time the anti-HA activity and the NA inhibitory activity of extracts and their fractions from Diospyros anisandra on the influenza AH1N1pdm09 virus. The n-hexane fruit extract exhibited HA inhibitory (HAI) activity, and fraction F3 inhibited the hemagglutination from 12.5 up to 100 μg/ml. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis (GC-MS) on fraction F3, and the n-hexane fruit extract, identified six compounds that were individually evaluated. Only vitamin E and lupeol showed a slight inhibitory activity on HA at 100 μg/ml. Regarding the NA assays, the presence of fluorescent (coumarin) and antioxidant (α-tocopherol) compounds in the root extract, masked the NA assays when using fluorescence techniques. We concluded that D. anisandra is a promising source of bioactive compounds with diverse properties including anti-HA activity on the influenza AH1N1pdm09 virus.The aim of this study was to explore the preventive effect of probiotic supplements on the development of early childhood caries (ECC). We searched the PubMed, Google Scholar and Cochrane databases up to January 15, 2021. The authors screened the hits independently for relevance, extracted outcome data and assessed the risk of bias. We performed a random effects meta-analysis to pool and compare the incidence of ECC in children assigned to test or placebo groups, respectively. The authors included nine randomised controlled trials published between 2001 and 2021, involving 2,363 preschool children. We assessed two publications with a moderate risk of bias and seven with high risk of bias. The median caries incidence in the probiotic test groups was 8.5% compared with 17.5% in the placebo groups and this difference was statistically significant (P less then 0.001). A pooled random effects meta-analysis on caries incidence on subject level showed a small but statistically significant risk difference in favour of the probiotic intervention (-0.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.10, -0.00; P less then 0.05). The mean difference in caries increment on tooth/surface level was -0.57, (95% CI -0.91, -0.23; P less then 0.01). In conclusion, we demonstrated a small but statistically significant preventive effect of probiotic supplements on ECC. However, the certainty of this finding was low due to the risk of bias, heterogeneity and inconsistencies across the studies. Further long-term randomised controlled trials with low risk of bias are required in order to answer the research question with a higher certainty.Regulation on gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are believed to be a pathway to suppress the development of metabolic syndrome. In this study, three Lactobacillus strains derived from the human gut were investigated for their effects on alleviation of metabolic disorders. These strains were individually administered to metabolic disorder rats induced by high-fat-high-sucrose (HFHS) diet. RAD1901 in vivo Each strain exhibited its own characteristics in attenuating the impaired glucose-insulin homeostasis, hepatic oxidative damage and steatosis. Correlation analysis between SCFAs and host metabolic parameters suggested that Lactobacillus protective effects on metabolic disorders are partly mediated by recovery of SCFAs production, especially the faecal acetic acid. Correspondingly, it indicated that probiotics restore the gut microbiota dysbiosis in different extent, thereby protect against metabolic disorders in a manner that is associated with microbiota, but not totally reverse the changed composition of microbiota to the normal state. Thus, Lactobacillus strains partly protect against diet-induced metabolic syndrome by microbiota modulation and acetate elevation.Health benefits of probiotics in humans essentially depend on their ability to survive during gastrointestinal (GI) transit and to modulate gut microbiota. To date, there is few data on the impact of galenic formulations of probiotics on these parameters. Even if clinical studies remain the gold standard to evaluate the efficacy of galenic forms, they stay hampered by technical, ethical and cost reasons. As an alternative approach, we used two complementary in vitro models of the human gut, the TNO gastrointestinal (TIM-1) model and the Artificial Colon (ARCOL), to study the effect of three oral formulations of a Lactobacillus salivarius strain (powder, capsule and sustained-release tablet) on its viability and interactions with gut microbiota. In the TIM-1 stomach, no or low numbers of bacteria were respectively released from the capsule and tablet, confirming their gastro-resistance. The capsule was disintegrated in the jejunum on average 76 min after administration while the core of sustained-release tablet was still intact at the end of digestion. Viability in TIM-1 was significantly influenced by the galenic form with survival percentages of 0.003±0.004%, 2.8±0.6% and 17.0±1.8% (n=3) for powder, capsule and tablet, respectively. In the ARCOL, the survival of the strain tended to be higher in the post-treatment phase with the tablet compared to capsule, but gut microbiota composition and activity were not differently modulated by the two formulations. In conclusion, the sustained-release tablet emerged as the formulation that most effectively preserved viability of the tested strain during GI passage. This study highlights the usefulness of in vitro gut models for the pre-screening of probiotic pharmaceutical forms. Their use could also easily be extended to the evaluation of the effects of food matrices and age on probiotic survival and activity during GI transit.Background and purpose - Advancements in software and hardware have enabled the rise of clinical prediction models based on machine learning (ML) in orthopedic surgery. Given their growing popularity and their likely implementation in clinical practice we evaluated which outcomes these new models have focused on and what methodologies are being employed.Material and methods - We performed a systematic search in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library for studies published up to June 18, 2020. Studies reporting on non-ML prediction models or non-orthopedic outcomes were excluded. After screening 7,138 studies, 59 studies reporting on 77 prediction models were included. We extracted data regarding outcome, study design, and reported performance metrics.Results - Of the 77 identified ML prediction models the most commonly reported outcome domain was medical management (17/77). Spinal surgery was the most commonly involved orthopedic subspecialty (28/77). The most frequently employed algorithm was neural networks (42/77). Median size of datasets was 5,507 (IQR 635-26,364). The median area under the curve (AUC) was 0.80 (IQR 0.73-0.86). Calibration was reported for 26 of the models and 14 provided decision-curve analysis.Interpretation - ML prediction models have been developed for a wide variety of topics in orthopedics. Topics regarding medical management were the most commonly studied. Heterogeneity between studies is based on study size, algorithm, and time-point of outcome. Calibration and decision-curve analysis were generally poorly reported.
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