Notes

How does semantic pain and also terms condition discomfort perception? A shorter conversation.
Aging in men causes a gradual decline in endogenous testosterone levels, which may have detrimental effects on their health status. Testosterone deficiency is thought to promote atherosclerosis by modulating lipid metabolism. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the serum testosterone level and its correlation with lipid profile in men aged ≥60 years old.

All elderly men aged ≥60, residing in Amirkola and participating in a phase of the comprehensive project on "investigating the health status of the elderly in Amirkola" were entered into this descriptive cross-sectional study. After fasting over 12 hours, the venous blood samples were taken. Serum concentration of testosterone was determined using ELISA method. Moreover, HDL-LDL, total cholesterol, triglyceride and fasting blood glucose were measured.

The prevalence of hypogonadism was 91.28% among the 792 participants of this study with a cut-off point of 9.72 nmol/L (95% confidence interval, 93.25-89.31) and the prevalence of severe hypogonadism with a cut-off point of 5.2 nmol/L was reported 71.59% (95% confidence interval, 74.73-68.44%). Based on the results, there was no significant statistical correlation between the serum level of testosterone and triglyceride (r=0.03, P=0.34). Furthermore, there was a negative correlation between testosterone and HDL, which was not statistically significant(r=-0.05, P=0.13). No significant statistical correlation was found between testosterone and LDL (P=0.98). There was a negative correlation between testosterone and cholesterol, which was not statistically significant (r=-0.02, P=0.49).

According to the study results, 91% of men aged ≥60 years old had hypogonadism, no correlation was found between testosterone and lipid indices.
According to the study results, 91% of men aged ≥60 years old had hypogonadism, no correlation was found between testosterone and lipid indices.
To the aim of this study was to evaluate the association between mean platelet volume (MPV) and diabetic retinopathy (DR).

Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) referred to Ophthalmology Clinic of Rohani Teaching Hospital in Babol, Northern Iran were entered into this case-control study. Healthy subjects in control group included individuals without history of DM. The patients were classified into four groups including I. Control (n=79), II. Diabetic patients without DR (n=68), III. Non-proliferative DR (n=61), and IV. Proliferative DR (n=64). Blood samples were collected, and necessary laboratory tests were performed.

The MPV value was significantly higher in each group of II, III and IV compared to group I (p<0.001). This value was also significantly higher in each group of III and IV compared to group II. On the other hand, there was no significant difference between III and IV groups in MPV. A significant correlation was found between MPV and fasting blood sugar in groups II (r=0.349, p=0.004), III (r=0.269, p=0.036) and IV (r=0.258, p=0.040). Moreover, there was a significant correlation between MPV and hemoglobin A1c in groups II (r=0.366, p=0.002), III (r=0.312, p=0.015) and IV (r=0.278, p=0.026).

The results of this study showed that the increased MPV value was directly associated with DR and its severity. A positive association was also found between MPV and indicators of glycemic status. Considering that measurement of MPV as a suitable parameter reflecting platelet function can be easily conducted, it can be clinically used to monitor status of DR.
The results of this study showed that the increased MPV value was directly associated with DR and its severity. A positive association was also found between MPV and indicators of glycemic status. Considering that measurement of MPV as a suitable parameter reflecting platelet function can be easily conducted, it can be clinically used to monitor status of DR.Almost half of cancer patients experience cachexia syndrome. Cachexic patients are at risk of increased side effects of chemotherapy, reduced tolerance to chemotherapy drugs, longer duration of treatment period, and decreased quality of life. Cancer cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome. Micro ribonucleic acid (miRNA), a "non-coding RNA", is considered to be a risk factor of cachexia and muscle wasting in cancer patients. miRNA has a role in affecting protein regulation, associated with different inflammatory and disease pathways. miRNA can also affect cytokines or directly change the regulation of metabolism that lead to cachexia. In this review, we want to focus on the pathophysiology to give a better understanding about the role of miRNA in the development of cancer cachexia. Based on various pathways of miRNA in cancer cachexia, it can be a potential target for therapeutic strategies. Improved knowledge about miRNA can give the opportunity to develop new treatment in the management of cancer cachexia.
(
) is an opportunistic pathogen causing a wide range of human infections. The organism is resistant to a wide range of antibiotics. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of AgNPs on pyocyanin pigment production of
bacteria isolated from clinical specimens.

In this study, 15 clinical isolates of
were collected from different specimens of hospitalized patients.
was detected by biochemical and molecular (detection of pbo1 gene by colony PCR method) methods and the MIC and MBC of AgNPs were determined by agar dilution method. Inhibition of
pyocyanin production at AgNPs concentrations of 0, 0.3, 0.5, 1 and 1.5
of was studied with OD of 520
.

The mean MIC and MBC of AgNPs were 1.229 and 1.687
, respectively. Pyocyanin production was investigated for all isolates at different concentrations of nanoparticles, and their comparison showed that with increasing nanoparticle concentration, pyocyanin production significantly decreased (p<0.05).

According to the results of this study, AgNPs had an inhibitory effect on
and its pigment production and with increasing nanoparticles concentration, pigment production decreased; therefore, it seems that the nanoparticles can be used to treat and prevent diseases caused by
.
According to the results of this study, AgNPs had an inhibitory effect on P. aeruginosa and its pigment production and with increasing nanoparticles concentration, pigment production decreased; therefore, it seems that the nanoparticles can be used to treat and prevent diseases caused by P. aeruginosa.
Generally, timely diagnosis of micro-organisms is very important to prevent many diseases. Many methods can detect micro-organisms like culture-based methods and molecular methods. The molecular methods are usually preferred because they provide fast and reliable results. In some cases, microbial strains are not accessible, and there is no safety to work with them; therefore, synthetic constructs which are designed according to the available sequences in databases can be used as a positive control for detection of them.

In this study, a synthetic construct was designed for molecular detection of
(
) and the
virus by multiplex real-time PCR reaction. For this, sequences were taken from databases and then multiple alignments were done by software. Also, conventional PCR and two models of real-time PCR (SYBR green and TaqMan) were applied. check details Finally, multiplex real-time PCR was performed.

The synthetic construct was designed and used for conventional PCR and multiplex PCR. The results of common PCR showed a single band at 148
and 167
in 1.5% agarose gel stained by ethidium bromide for
and
virus, respectively. Also, a dual-band at 148 and 167
was observed in multiplex PCR. Results of real-time PCR showed a limit of detection about 0.1
of plasmid/
.

In conclusion, the designed construct can be used as a positive control for an accurate diagnosis of these micro-organisms without any biological danger for laboratory staff. So, this method is useful for diagnosis of these agents in food, water, and blood samples.
In conclusion, the designed construct can be used as a positive control for an accurate diagnosis of these micro-organisms without any biological danger for laboratory staff. So, this method is useful for diagnosis of these agents in food, water, and blood samples.
Epitope prediction remains a major challenge in malaria due to the unique parasite biology, in addition to rapidly evolving parasite sequence variation in Plasmodium species. Although several models for epitope prediction exist, they are not useful in Plasmodium specific epitope development. Hence, it was proposed to use machine learning based methods to develop a peptide sequence based epitope predictor specific for malaria.

Model datasets were developed and performance was tested using various machine learning algorithms. Machine learning classifiers were trained on epitope data using sequence features and comparison of amino acid physicochemical properties was done to yield a valid prediction model.

The findings from the analysis reveal that the model developed using selected classifiers after preprocessing by Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis (WEKA) performed better than other methods. The datasets for benchmarks of performance are deposited in the repository https//github.com/githubramaadiga/epitope_dataset .

The study is the first in-silico study on benchmarking Plasmodium cytotoxic T cell epitope datasets using machine learning approach. The peptide based predictors have been used for the first time to classify cytotoxic T cell epitopes in malaria. Algorithms has been evaluated using real datasets from malaria to obtain the model.
The study is the first in-silico study on benchmarking Plasmodium cytotoxic T cell epitope datasets using machine learning approach. The peptide based predictors have been used for the first time to classify cytotoxic T cell epitopes in malaria. Algorithms has been evaluated using real datasets from malaria to obtain the model.
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of Sodium Selenite (SS) supplemented media on oocyte maturation, expression of mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) and embryo quality.

Mouse Germinal Vesicle (GV) oocytes were collected after administration of Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin (PMSG); in experimental group 1, oocytes were cultured and then subjected for
maturation in the absence of SS, and in experimental group 2, they were matured
in the presence of 10
of SS up to 16
. The control group included MII oocytes obtained from the fallopian tubes after ovarian stimulation with PMSG, followed by human chorionic gonadotropin. Then, the expression of
in MII oocytes in all three groups was investigated using real-time RT-PCR. The fertilization and embryo developmental rates were assessed, and finally the quality of the blastocysts was evaluated using propidium iodide staining.

The oocyte maturation rate to MII stage in SS treated group was significantly higher than non-treated oocytes (75.65
. 68.17%, p<0.05). Also, the rates of fertilization, embryo development to blastocyst stage as well as the cell number of blastocyst in SS supplemented group were higher than other experimental group (p<0.05). There was a significant decrease in
gene expression in both
groups compared to the group with
obtained oocytes (p<0.05). Moreover, there was a significant increase in
gene expression in oocytes that matured in the presence of SS compared to that of the group without SS (p<0.05).

Supplementation of oocyte maturation culture media with SS improved the development rate of oocytes and embryo and also enhanced
expression in MII oocytes which can affect the mitochondrial biogenesis of oocytes.
Supplementation of oocyte maturation culture media with SS improved the development rate of oocytes and embryo and also enhanced TFAM expression in MII oocytes which can affect the mitochondrial biogenesis of oocytes.
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