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Latest improvements throughout chemical substance conjugation methods targeting ancient healthy proteins within healthy proteins as well as their programs inside antibody-drug conjugates.
The cluster-nuclei coassembled strategy provides an impressive way to obtain 1D subnanometer heteronanostructures, including subnanometer nanowires and subnanometer nanobelts. These nanomaterials have diameters and thicknesses close to the size of a unit cell and exhibit excellent performance originating from multicomponent synergy. This Mini Review summarizes the recent progress of these novel functional nanomaterials, including their properties and applications in catalysis, energy conversion, and other fields. On the basis of previous studies, the development direction of cluster-nuclei coassembled 1D subnanometer materials is pointed out.Ambient-temperature sodium-sulfur batteries are an appealing, sustainable, and low-cost alternative to lithium-ion batteries due to their high material abundance and specific energy of 1274 W h kg-1. However, their viability is hampered by Na polysulfide (NaPS) shuttling, Na loss due to side reactions with the electrolyte, and dendrite formation. Here, we demonstrate that a solid-electrolyte interphase rich in inorganic components can be realized at both the sulfur cathode and the Na anode by tweaking the solvation structure of the electrolyte. This transforms the sulfur redox process from conventional dissolution-precipitation chemistry into a quasi-solid-state reaction, which eliminates NaPS shuttling and facilitates dendrite-free Na-metal plating and stripping. With the solvated ionic liquid electrolyte structure, a high initial capacity of 922 mA h g-1 with a capacity fade of as low as 0.10% per cycle over 300 cycles was achieved. The scalability of this approach to pouch cells with practically necessary parameters demonstrates its potential for practical viability.Porous surfaces have attracted tremendous interest for customized incorporation of functional agents on biomedical devices. However, the versatile preparation of porous structures on complicated devices remains challenging. Herein, we proposed a simple and robust method to fabricate "spongy skin" on diversified polymeric substrates based on non-solvent-induced phase separation (NIPS). Through the swelling and the subsequent phase separation process, interconnected porous structures were directly formed onto the polymeric substrates. The thickness and pore size could be regulated in the ranges of 5-200 and 0.3-0.75 μm, respectively. The fast capillary action of the porous structure enabled controllable loading and sustained release of ofloxacin and bovine albumin at a high loading dosage of 79.9 and 24.1 μg/cm2, respectively. We verified that this method was applicable to diversified materials including polymethyl methacrylate, polystyrene, thermoplastic polyurethane, polylactide acid, and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) and can be realized onto TCPS cell culture plates. This NIPS-based method is promising to generate porous surfaces on medical devices for incorporating therapeutic agents.Antimicrobial resistance in Gram-negative bacteria has become one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality and a serious worldwide public health concern due to the fact that Gram-negative bacteria have an additional outer membrane protecting them from an unwanted compound invading. It is still very difficult for antimicrobials to reach intracellular targets and very challenging to treat Gram-negative bacteria with the current strategies. Here, we found that (o-(bromomethyl)phenyl)boronic acid was incorporated into poly((2-N,N-diethyl)aminoethyl acrylate) (PDEA), forming a copolymer (poly(o-Bn-DEA)) having both phenylboronic acid (B) and ((2-N,N-diethyl)amino) (DEA) units. Poly(o-Bn-DEA) exhibits very strong intramolecular B-N coordination, which could highly promote the covalent binding of phenylboronic acid with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the outer membrane of E. coli and lodge poly(o-Bn-DEA) on the LPS layer on the surface of E. coli. Meanwhile, the strong electrostatic interaction between poly(o-Bn-DEA) and the negatively charged lipid preferred tugging the poly(o-Bn-DEA) into the lipid bilayer of E. coli. The combating interactions between covalent binding and electrostatic interaction form a tug-of-war action, which could trigger the lysis of the outer membrane, thereby killing Gram-negative E. coli effectively without detectable resistance.Two-dimensional (2D) membranes as a new type of water filtration membrane have shown great potential in water separation and purification. However, their long-term stability under cross-flow conditions and their antifouling property are two main concerns for practical separation and purification processes. In this work, a strategy of nanoparticle bridges based on amorphous TiO2 is developed to link adjacent WS2 nanosheets on a WS2 membrane surface, leading to a strong membrane surface with excellent stability during 204 h of continuous cross-flow filtration. Moreover, the amorphous TiO2 bridges also form a TiO2/WS2 heterojunction on the WS2 membrane surface, exhibiting an impressive photocatalysis-driving self-cleaning property by pollutant photodegradation. And the flux recovery ratio (FRR) exceeds 95% after three cycles of separation experiments. The excellent long-term stability and photocatalysis-driving self-cleaning property of the WS2/TiO2 membrane provide a new approach to construct robust 2D membranes.Gastroparesis is a common problem in the intensive care unit. Impaired gastric motility in critically ill patients is associated with an increased risk of enteral feeding intolerance, gastric bacterial colonization, pulmonary aspiration and progressive malnutrition leading to adverse outcomes. buy N-Nitroso-N-methylurea It is estimated that at least 60% of intensive care patients are affected by some form of gastrointestinal tract failure and that in 30% of critically ill patients in whom enteral feeding is attempted the feeding route needs to be modified because of feeding intolerance. The article highlights the physiology of normal gastric motor function and mechanisms of abnormal gastric motility as well as the current approach to detecting and treating feeding intolerance in intensive care.During the last decade, utilization of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) has increased due to their pharmacokinetic profile and the fact that they are non-inferior to warfarin in the prevention of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation, as well as for the treatment of venous thromboembolism. However, there are few studies about their use in critically ill patients. This article aims to review available evidence on the use of DOACs in the indicated conditions and anticoagulant management of medical or surgical patients receiving DOAC before intensive care unit (ICU) admission. The rapidly changing pathophysiology and heterogeneous nature of critically ill patients combined with limited evidence often leads to a high degree of individualization of DOAC regimens in ICU patients. This article is the second part of the narrative review series on the use of DOACs in ICU patients, focusing on current "Clinical evidence". "Applied pharma-cology" has been described in the first part.Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have revolutionized the field of anticoagulation in the last decade, mainly due to their fixed dosing, rapid onset of anticoagulant effect, and non-inferiority to vitamin K antagonists for both efficacy and safety. link2 Also, the availability of specific and non-specific reversal agents makes these drugs popular. However, in critically ill patients, significant alterations in drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics might occur due to various ongoing pathophysiological derangements like decreased gastrointestinal absorption, increased volume of distribution, and impaired renal and/or hepatic function. Insight into these changes is essential regarding the safe and effective use of DOACs in critically ill patients. The current article is a narrative review on the use of DOACs in intensive care unit patients, covering 'Applied pharmacology'; the second article in the series covers 'Clinical evidence'.In recent years commensal microorganisms are not just "passive occupants", but important element of homeostasis. There are numerous reports documenting the composition and role of the gut, skin or vagina microbiome but the role of commensal orga-nisms living in the lungs is relatively unknown. Pulmonary microbiome impact on the immune response of the host organism and may indicate new therapeutic directions. Lung microbiome, by modulating the expression of innate immunity genes, causes an increase in the concentration of interleukin (IL)-5, IL-10, interferon γ and C-C motif chemokine ligand 11, affects the toll-like receptor-4-dependent response of pulmonary macrophages and modulate the production of antibacterial peptides contained in the mucus. It is documented that disorders of the lung microbiome contribute to asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. However it is known that pulmonary dysbiosis also occurs in critically ill patients. It is possible, therefore, that microbiota-targeted therapy may constitute the future therapeutic direction in ICU.There is a possible association between celiac disease (CD) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). link3 Our aim was to evaluate the serological incidence of CD in patients with JIA. Children under 16 years of age with JIA who did not respond adequately to routine treatment, who referred to the pediatric centers of Tehran University of Medical Sciences (2017-2019), were enrolled in this study. Manifestations of CD were also evaluated. CD-related serological screening tests were measured. Seventy-eight patients were enrolled in the study. Their mean age was 7.9±3.9 (1.6-16) years. Three patients with oligoarticular JIA had Anti-TTG-Ab levels above normal (prevalence=3.8%). None of them had symptoms of CD. There were no significant statistical differences in terms of growth disorders, sex distribution, and different subtypes of JIA (P value ˃ 0.05) between the groups (sero-positive vs. sero-negative). In one case, CD was confirmed by pathology and the gluten-free diet was recommended. The absence of CD symptoms in patients with JIA does not rule out concomitant CD.Biological drugs are manufactured via some changes made to the living organisms by genetic engineering. Notably, biological drugs are very expensive and their importation can impose economic pressure, especially on poorer countries. Thereafter, manufacturing these drugs has been considered by policymakers in many countries, resulting in the production of biosimilars. Iran requires a wide range of biological drugs due to the growing number of patients with multiple sclerosis. On the other hand, the poor economic situation of Iran due to repeated sanctions has had a great impact on the health care system, which has prevented the allocation of sufficient financial resources in this regard. Therefore, manufacturing biosimilar drugs due to their lower cost has received much attention in various fields of treatment.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential effects of biliary drainage before pancreaticoduodenectomy on postoperative outcomes.

This study was conducted retrospectively on data from 820 cases of pancreaticoduodenectomy performed in the Gastrointestinal Surgery Department of Ankara City Hospital between April 1999 and August 2019. Twenty years of collected patient data were re-examined and 805 patients were divided into two groups as those who underwent preoperative biliary drainage (PBD) and those who did not (non-PBD). Demographic data of patients, and preoperative, operative and postoperative details, including morbidity, were collected and compared between the two groups.

There were 574 (71.3%) patients in the PBD group and 231 (28.6%) patients in the non-PBD group. Total complications according to Clavien-Dindo classification were significantly higher in the PBD group (
<0.001). Intraabdominal hemorrhage, delayed gastric emptying and wound infection were found to be higher in the PBD group but the rate of pancreatic fistula was similar in both groups.
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