Notes

Ophthalmological familiarity with Household Wellness System doctors being employed as initial care providers inside Brazilian.
Constipation prevention is important during and after radiotherapy, in order to avoid damage to the intestine. Diet education is necessary. Patient should not eat leftovers, cold dishes, pickles and other foods prone to cause intestinal infections. At present, there are still few researches in the field of radiation-induced intestinal injury. We expect that in the near future, there will be greater progress and breakthroughs in prevention, diagnosis and treatment of radiation-induced intestinal injury.Chronic radiation intestinal injury denotes the repeated and prolonged damage of intestine caused by radiotherapy to pelvic malignancy, which usually occurs after three months of radiotherapy. Surgical intervention is indicated when the progressive intestinal injury leads to the development of massive intestinal hemorrhage, obstruction, perforation, fistula and other late complications. However, there is no consensus on the surgical procedures. We illustrate the dilemma in surgical treatment from the points of pathological mechanism and the frequent sites of radiation intestinal injury. Meanwhile, we discuss the surgical alternatives of radiation intestinal injury based on the literature and our experience. The pathological mechanism of chronic radiation injury is progressive occlusive arteritis and parenchymal fibrosis. The frequently involved sites are distal ileum, sigmoid colon and rectum based on the radiotherapy region. The morbidity and mortality are high in surgery of chronic radiation injury due to poor ability of tissue healing, pelvic fibrosis, multiple organ damage, and poor physical condition. Definitive intestinal resection is one of the most common surgical procedures. Extended resection of diseased bowel to ensure that there is no radiation damage in at least one end of the anastomotic bowels is the key to decrease the risk of complications related to anastomotic sites.Radiation intestinal injury (RII) refers to the intestinal complication resulting from radiation therapy of pelvic, abdominal or retroperitoneal tumor, which involves the small intestine, colon and rectum. Although the advances in radiotherapy technology have decreased the injury of adjacent tissues, 90% of the patients receiving radiotherapy have acute symptoms, the quality of life is affected due to gastrointestinal symptoms in 50% of patients, and 20%-40% of patients have moderate to severe symptoms. Based on the pathological stage, characteristics and clinical manifestations, RII can be divided into acute and chronic types, generally 3 to 6 months as the cutoff in clinical history. The main preventions of RII include reducing the radiation doses and narrowing the exposure fields. Acute RII is characterized by mucosal inflammation and self-limitation, and its treatment includes symptomatic and nutritional management. As the chronic ischemia and fibrosis in chronic RII are irreversible, bowel resection is the ideal treatment. The surgical indications for chronic RII are grade 3 and 4 intestinal injuries, including obstruction, bleeding, intestinal necrosis, perforation, and fistula. The current surgical procedure is definitive intestinal resection with stage I or II gastrointestinal reconstruction. The optimal time for definitive surgery is still controversial. Based on our experiences, 1 year after the end of radiation therapy is optimal. Under the circumstances of emergency surgery, severe malnutrition, abdominal infection, extensive intestinal injury, and abdominal adhesions that cannot be mobilized, ostomy and abdominal drainage are recommended, and definitive surgery can be considered after the return to enteral nutrition and extinction of intestinal inflammation. Preoperative setting of ureteral catheter, imaging assessment of colorectal position and iliac vascular injury, and preoperative nutritional support can reduce the risk of systemic complications effectively.
This study aimed to investigate the effect of stocking density on the behavior, productivity, and metabolism of periparturient Holstein cows as well as calf performance.

A total of 48 periparturient cows were randomly assigned into three groups at 28 days (± 3 days) before their expected calving date. The stocking densities of the groups, relative to the standard cubicle and feed bunk (CFB) number, were (i), 80% (13 cows), (ii) 100% (16 cows), and (iii) 120% (19 cows). Lying and rumination behavior was recorded using electronic data loggers and HR-Tags from d -21("d-" means days before calving) until the calving date, d 0. selleck kinase inhibitor Lying time was assessed to determine the diurnal total hours spent lying per day. Rumination time was averaged in 2 hours interval periods over 24 hours during the experimental period.

Cows in the 80% group spent more time lying and ruminating between d -21 and d -7 and tended to ruminate more between d -14 and d 0. Calcium levels tended to be higher for cows in the 80% group, no other observable differences were found in monitored blood parameters. Moreover, 3.5% fat corrected milk (FCM) and energy corrected milk (ECM) yields were higher in 80% group in the first month of lactation. No other observable differences were found in the yield and composition of colostrum and milk in the first 10 months of lactation. The growth and performance of calves in the first week of life was not affected by stocking density of the dams.

We concluded that lower stocking density may increase lying and ruminating behavior of prepartum Holstein cows. However, this did not translate into improved productivity and metabolism.
We concluded that lower stocking density may increase lying and ruminating behavior of prepartum Holstein cows. However, this did not translate into improved productivity and metabolism.
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of molasses and Lactobacillus plantarum on the ensiling quality and in vitro rumen fermentation of sudangrass silage prepared with or without wilting.

The ensiling experiment, measured with 3 replicates, was carried out according to a 2×4 (wilted stages×additives) factorial treatment structure. Dry matter of the fresh (210 g/kg fresh matter) or wilted (305 g/kg fresh matter) sudangrass were ensiled (packed into 5.0-L plastic jars) without additive (control) or with molasses (M), Lactobacillus plantarum (LP), or molasses + Lactobacillus plantarum (M+LP). After 60 days of ensiling, the silages were analyzed for the chemical, fermentation, and in vitro characteristics.

After 60 days of ensiling, the fermentation parameters were affected by wilted, the additives and the interactions of wilted with the additives (p<0.05). The M+LP treatment at wilted had higher lactic acid levels and V-score (p<0.05) but lower pH values and butyric acid concentrationstobacillus plantarum had the ability to improve the ensiling quality and in vitro nutrient digestibility of sudangrass silage. The M+LP treatment at wilted exhibited the strongest positive effects on silage quality and in vitro ruminal fermentation characteristics.
Effects of linseed oil (LO) supplementation on the fat content and fatty acid profile of breast meat, and the expression of three genes in the liver, breast muscle and fat tissues of commercial 154-day-old hybrid male turkeys were investigated.

The animals in the control group were fed a commercially available feed and received no LO supplementation (n=70), whereas animals in the LO group (n=70) were fed the same basic diet supplemented with LO (day 15-21 0.5%; day 22-112 1%). The effect of dietary LO supplementation on fatty acid composition of breast muscle was examined by gas chromatography, and the expression of fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) genes was analysed by means of quantitative reverse transcription PCR.

The LO supplementation affected the fatty acid composition of breast muscle. Hepatic FADS2 levels were considerably lower (p<0.001), while adipose tissue expression was higher (p<0.05) is positively influenced by LO supplementation without deterioration of fattening parameters. Remarkably, increased FADS2 expression in the liver of LO supplemented animals was associated with a significantly decreased omega-6/omega-3 ratio, providing a potentially healthier meat product for human consumption. Increased PPARγ expression in fat tissue of the LO group was not associated with fat content of muscle, whereas a decreased IGF1 expression in fat tissue was associated with a trend of decreasing fat content in muscle of the experimental LO group.
Marbling or intramuscular fat (IMF) has been widely reported to directly impact the sensory acceptance of meat. This study was carried out to determine the physical and sensory characteristics of ribeye, Longissimus dorsi (LD) steaks obtained from four different cattle breeds namely Wagyu, Angus, Brahman, and Malaysian local beef, the Kedah-Kelantan (KK).

The degree of marbling was determined by using an established combined camera-image analysis technique while instrumental texture determination was carried out by using Warner-Bratzler Shear Force Analysis. Sensory evaluation of the beef steaks was performed following a Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA) incorporating 10 trained consumer panellists.

Wagyu was found to possess the highest (p < 0.05) percentage of IMF at 33.90% and the lowest shear force (raw = 5.61 N/mm2; cooked = 14.72 N/mm2) followed by Angus (20.87%), Brahman (12.17%), and KK (p < 0.05, 6.86%). The difference in sensory properties of the four steaks was evident, with Wagyu appearing to be highly correlated with most sensory attributes measured namely sustained buttery, tooth-packing, chewiness, juiciness, tenderness, mouthfeel, oiliness, and overall acceptability. The Malaysian local beef, Kedah-Kelantan was found to be less acceptable (p < 0.05), although most of its sensory attributes were found similar (p > 0.05) in appearance, aroma, texture, juiciness, and flavour to the cooked steak from Angus and Brahman.

This present study demonstrated the role of IMF in determining the quality and sensory acceptance of beef from different cattle breeds. These data have particularly provided new information and further understanding on the physical and sensory quality of Malaysian local beef.
This present study demonstrated the role of IMF in determining the quality and sensory acceptance of beef from different cattle breeds. These data have particularly provided new information and further understanding on the physical and sensory quality of Malaysian local beef.
The effect of environmental enrichment on the behaviour of piglets in the nursery phase was evaluated.

A total of 450 hybrid pigs (21 day old), including both females and uncastrated males, weighing approximately 6 kg, were distributed in a completely randomised design with 3 treatments and 3 replicates of 50 animals each. The treatments were i) pen without environmental enrichment (control), ii) treatment consisting of continuous environmental enrichment (CEE) with rubber balls throughout the experimental period, and iii) treatment consisting of environmental enrichment with washed balls (EEWB) during the whole experimental period which were removed daily for washing. For the behavioural evaluation, 10 animals were randomly selected per replicate. The behavioural assessments were performed once a week, from 8 am to 6 pm, using images captured with a video camera. The data were submitted to non-parametric analyses, the means were compared using the Bonferroni test, and Person's correlations were also calculated.
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