Notes

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The COVID-19 (Coronavirus 2019) pandemic has proven to be the biggest global shock since World War II. That war resulted in 5.5 million deaths. The number of COVID-19-infected persons exceeded 13 million in the first 6 months of the pandemic and many more asymptomatic cases are undocumented. The global economy has been affected severely. The tension, the fear, the drastic measures to try to control the spread of the disease disrupted everyone's life from child to senior. The condition is worse in the global south, such as in Bangladesh, where the average population density is 7.5 times higher than that of China, where COVID-19 began and spread uncontrollably at the end of 2019. Lockdowns and social distancing were tried to stop the transmission of the disease but were often not observed faithfully or were less effective than thought to be. People need to trade and interact to earn money to survive but these activities could endanger others' lives if they do not maintain safety measures. Individual awareness is not only curtailing the spread of COVID-19 but also saves others' lives. This cross-sectional study used Ordinal and Binary logit models to predict the level of awareness through potential regressors of the citizen toward COVID-19 in Bangladesh. Findings of the study are that the level of awareness is dependent on the level of trauma; also, that household income is a statistically-significant predictor of awareness. Behavioral activities such as use of masks, outdoor activities, and stockpiling tendencies are found to be statistically significant predictors of awareness as well.The global pandemic of COVID-19 has rapidly increased the number of infected cases as well as asymptomatic individuals in many, if not all the societies around the world. This issue increases the demand for accurate and rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2. While accurate and rapid detection is critical for diagnosing SARS-CoV-2, the appropriate course of treatment must be chosen to help patients and prevent its further spread. Testing platform accuracy with high sensitivity and specificity for SARS-CoV-2 is equally important for clinical, regional, and global arenas to mitigate secondary transmission rounds. The objective of this article is to compare the current detection technology and introduce the most accurate and rapid ones that are suitable for pandemic circumstances. Hence, the importance of rapid detection in societies is discussed initially. Following this, the current technology for rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 is explained and classified into three different categories nucleic acid-based, protein-based, and point of care (PoC) detection testing. Then, the current issues for diagnostic procedures in laboratories are discussed. Finally, the role of new technologies in countering COVID-19 is also introduced to assist researchers in the development of accurate and timely detection of coronaviruses. As coronavirus continues to affect human lives in a detrimental manner, the development of rapid and accurate virus detection methods could promote COVID-19 diagnosis accessible to both individuals and the mass population at patient care. In this regard, rRT-PCR and multiplex RT-PCR detection techniques hold promise.This paper aims to validate the hypothesis of an Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) for Colombia, introducing the Economic Complexity Index (ECI) into the analysis as a differentiating element of production volumes. We use a Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) to corroborate if there is a long-term relationship between the variables covering the period between 1971-2014. Also, we test the robustness of the results using three different techniques Dynamic Least Squares, Fully Modified Least Squares, and Canonical Cointegration Regression. The results show that for a developing country like Colombia, the EKC does not exist, and does not yet benefit from increases in economic complexity. Arguably, the country has several hurdles to overcome before achieving the environmental benefits of increased product sophistication. Some of them could be related to the country's own productive and institutional rigidities, which opens the space for public policy intervention.
Heart rate variability (HRV) is a popular tool to quantify autonomic function. However, this typically requires an expensive 3-12 lead electrocardiogram (ECG) and BioAmp system. This investigation sought to determine the validity and reliability of an OpenBCI cyton biosensing board (open source) for accurately quantifying HRV.

A cyton board with a 3-lead ECG was employed to acquire heart rate waveform data, which was processed to obtain HRV within both time- and frequency-domains. The concurrent validity was compared to a simultaneous recording from an industry-standard 3-lead ECG (ADInstruments) (n = 15). The reliability of the cyton board was compared between three days within a 7-day timespan (n = 10). Upright quiet-stance short-term HRV metrics were quantified in time- and frequency-domains.

The two devices displayed excellent limits of agreements (all log mean differences ±0.4) and very high between-device variable associations (all

> 0.98). Between the three time points in the same subjecan industry-standard ECG setup.
With proper background knowledge regarding ECG principles and a small degree of set-up complexity, an open source cyton board can be created and employed to perform multimodal HRV assessments at a fraction of the cost (~4%) of an industry-standard ECG setup.
(1) To explore morphological facts that typically characterize life in
slum neighborhood. (2) To identify dysfunctions of those morphological facts. (3) To discuss some of the differences and similarities between the study area and other forms of a slum in Addis Ababa as outlined by Alemayehu (2008) based on selected morphological facts.

The study adopted a qualitative case study research design rooted in a pragmatic constructivist approach to a case study. Information was gathered through semi-structured interviews and field observation, and then analyzed using a deductive thematic analysis technique.

This study found that the morphological facts that typically characterize life in
slum neighborhood are Dilapidated Housing; Limited Access to Infrastructure; Congested Settlement; Positionality; and Being a Slum as a relational Construct. This study also found that these morphological facts have their inherent dysfunctions Physical Health Risk; Psychological Distress; Economic Cost; and Social Costgical facts to the audience. Whereas, the theoretical significance could be drawn from how the study tried to make functionalism theoretically useful to the study of a slum habitat.
The study is expected to hold significance both at empirical and theoretical levels. Some of the empirical significances of this study are it challenges the conventional categorization of slums in Addis Ababa; it provides a thick description of morphological facts in a slum neighborhood and their dysfunctions to the inhabitants, and it brings the gender dimension of dysfunctions of morphological facts to the audience. Whereas, the theoretical significance could be drawn from how the study tried to make functionalism theoretically useful to the study of a slum habitat.An efficacious topical treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is highly desirable but still an ongoing challenge. Systemic risedronate (Ris) has been reported to have anti-leishmanial properties and Eudragit EPO (EuE) has shown in vitro activity against L. (L.) amazonensis. The aim of this work was to investigate the in vivo efficacy of topical Ris and EuE-Ris complexes on CL. Linsitinib Surface charge and Ris release kinetics from the different dispersions were analyzed. BALB/c mice were infected intradermally with promastigotes of L. (L.) amazonensis. Ulcers were treated with Ris or EuE-Ris hydrogels. All the lesions that received topical Ris or EuE-Ris showed an improvement with respect to control reduction of ulcer average size, cicatrization, flattened edges and no signs of necrosis. In addition, a marked parasitic inhibition of 69.5 and 73.7% was observed in the groups treated with Ris and EuE-Ris, respectively, with the IgG2a levels indicating a tendency towards cure. The results are promising and the system should now be enhanced to achieve total parasite elimination.Cognitive radio networks promote better spectral efficiency of the electric radio spectrum. The vast majority of current spectral decision models for cognitive radio networks evaluate their performance based on a single secondary user. In reality, the network can experience multiple requests from spectral opportunities. Based on this, the intent of this article is to present and evaluate a spectral decision model for cognitive radio networks in a multi-user environment taking into account the effect of the decisions of the SU on the usefulness of the other SU. To achieve this, a spectral decision model was developed that allows secondary users to share relevant information before accessing the spectrum so that they can select the most appropriate spectral opportunities. The evaluation and validation of the model was performed using three multicriteria decision-making algorithms under the metric of the number of total handoffs in a conventional scenario and a real scenario, in the conventional scenario, only users that match the input of the multiuser module are included; in the real scenario, in addition to the conventional users, users that enter and leave at random times are included, a feature that alters the models for estimating the behavior of the radio environment. The results show better performance of the TOPSIS algorithm over VIKOR and SAW. The most important contribution of this work is the evaluation of the performance of the spectral decision algorithms implemented in a multi-user environment that allows multiple access and exchange of information between users, with experimental spectral occupation data.Globally, more than 85% of youth use social media daily in the medium of Facebook, Youtube, Twitter, etc., which is more than 70% for Bangladesh. The young population of Bangladesh is rapidly embracing social media through the internet and afflicted with the malaise of countering violent extremism (CVE), often through Facebook. Given the increasing connectedness that the internet and social media offer, it is crucial that the fight against CVE shift to the digital space. Extremists are increasingly adopting novel ways and means based on technology to draw unsuspecting youth to their cause. It is essential to establish effective implementable strategies to stop the CVE activities using social media in Bangladesh. This study aims to identify existing initiatives globally in the space of disruptive online technologies that have yielded some success in preventing CVE. Various publications such as journal and news articles, TV news, and blogs have been used as data sources for this study. Also, fifteen expert interviews have been conducted to identify the most effective strategies for CVE in Bangladesh. Through the content analysis, the study highlights successful efforts and explores technology-based initiatives that can be deployed in Bangladesh to minimize the impact of VE activities through online technology. Finally, recommendations for strategies to restrict VE activities through technologies have been suggested that can be potentially implemented by the Bangladesh government by coordinating with international donor agencies and CVE practitioners. The research output recommends that Bangladesh and other less developed countries can concurrently deal with CVE by successfully using cutting-edge online/digital technologies.
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